2005年中国的物流业已经全面开放，外资会把物流行业作为新的投资热点，对跨国物流企业在我国的经营活动进行分析，对我国物流业的发展具有积极意义。本文介绍了了跨国物流企业在我国的业务结构、网络发展、业绩概况，指出了跨国物流企业在我国发展面临的主要问题，接着在此基础上分析了跨国物流企业在我国的发展思路，最后对我国物流企业的发展提出了几点启示。
关键词：跨国物流，独资，本土化
随着世界生产制造中心逐渐往中国转移，我国的物流市场潜力越来越大，到2010年物流市场容量将达到11972亿元。按照我国加入WTO时的承诺，2005年中国的物流业已经全面开放，包括在公路货运、货物租赁、一般货物的批发、零售及其物流配送、出入境汽车运输等物流领域取消在地域、股比等对外资的限制。因此，外资会把物流行业作为新的投资热点。一些国外的物流巨头如UPS、Fedex、TNT、Exel等逐渐渗透国内市场，利用技术资金和全球网络优势吞噬国内的物流市场。因此，对跨国物流企业在我国的经营活动进行分析，对我国物流业的发展具有积极意义。
一 跨国物流企业在我国的发展概况
目前，中国市场拥有近51万家物流企业，其中外资占了0.13%,即680余家,主要集中在长三角、珠三角、环渤海湾地区,市场份额高达8%,并且由于跨国制造企业仍然不断和他们合作,市场份额还会不断增加.下面从三个方面说明跨国物流企业在我国的发展情况.
1.业务结构－－－不断扩大.目前跨国物流企业物流业务主要集中在①空运和速递。目前中国国内航空货运市场将以平均每年10.3%速度增长,速递市场规模已经超过100亿元,且每年以30%速度递增。特别是《中美扩展航空服务协议》签定后,航空货运竞争尤为激烈.TNT、 DHL、UPS、Fedex通过不同方式从事航空货运、国内包裹、重货快递、邮件速递等业务。②海运，如马士基和美集物流、铁行渣华，这些物流企业具有良好的海运网络和操作经验，主要提供国际海运、外轮代理、集装箱多式联运、码头、港口等物流业务③增值物流服务，如仓储、配送、加工、包装、报关、售后回收逆向物流、金融服务、进出口贸易、人力和人才租赁代理等。在进出贸易中，UPS同国内的一些金融机构进行合作来为出口商提供代收款和库存抵押等众多金融服务。④公路货运以及出入境公路运输、铁路货运。马士基也逐步在这些领域与中国有关企业合作。⑤全程供应链管理，也就是我们经常提到的第四方物流模式，这是他们业务发展趋势。如UPS成立了供应链解决方案公司，将UPS的业务扩展到以物流、快递、金融、供应链咨询为核心的全方位第四方物流管理。以上这些跨国物流企业在业务对象上主要集中在我国的跨国企业和合资企业，物流领域涉及家电、汽车、IT、化工、高科技、电信、电子、医药保健品、银制品、零售、食品、销售品等领域。
2．网络发展———不断拓展。面对中国物流市场的开发，国外物流巨头纷纷高调推出中国区网络建设计划，一些世界级的物流公司如DHL、UPS、Fedex、TNT都加大了对中国区的 资金投入和网络建设，并且纷纷将亚太总部迁往中国的上海等地。跨国物流企业在我国的网点主要集中在以香港为中心的珠江三角洲地区、以上海为中心的长江三角洲地区、以京津地区为中心的环渤海湾地区等经济发展较快的经济区，85.96%分布在东部地区,8.78%分布在中部地区,5.26%分布在西部地区,其主要分布城市为上海、厦门、大连、天津、青岛、深圳、广州等港口城市和南京、北京等部分内陆城市,并且逐步向中西部省市自治区扩展.如目前Fedex是唯一一家在华南、华北、华东地区都有业务网络的国际快运公司。最近,联邦快递以上海为中心在中国有220个城市网点,服务500个城市,计划在2008年前再增加100个网点，服务扩大到1000个服务城市。Fedex今年7月将亚太转运中心设在广州白云国际机场，为分食中国巨大的货运市场尤其是国内快运市场搭建了战略平台，联邦快递所有在亚洲网络内运送的货物，都将经白云机场中转；UPS供应链公司在我国的分公司已经达23家，国际物流业务遍布我国170多个城市,其中广州、上海和香港是联系欧洲和美国的主要航点.UPS计划于2007年在上海设立航空转运中心，那些从中国运到美国的货物都可以经过上海进行分配，美国货物进来后也由上海分配到各地。建立上海转运中心后，UPS还将根据未来美国交通部分配的更多航权班次，向中国西部发展并与欧洲各国连接。
3.业绩概况——不断攀升。短短几十年来，国际物流快递四巨头UPS、Fedex、DHL、TNT已经占据了中国国际快递业务的80%市场份额，在中国每年业务量和营业收入均保持20%以上增长。UPS 2003年在中国市场业务量同比增长45%，销售额达到335亿美元，2004年第2季度，中国地区的业务出口量较2003年同期增长70%，到2007年UPS将实现15%营业毛利。The job opens Chinese logistics in 2005 already all round , foreign capital is able to look on logistics industry as the new popular investment spot , enterprise carries out analysis on transnational logistics in business operations of our country , development of job has active significance to our country logistics. Business structure , network development , achievement general situation the main body of a book is introduced having finished transnational logistics enterprise in our country, have pointed out transnational logistics enterprise primal problem developing a frontage in our country , have proceed here, to have analysed the transnational logistics enterprise train of thought in our country on the basis , to have brought forward several enlightenments to development of our country logistics enterprise finally. Keywords: Transnational logistics , single-owner investment , localization change with the fact that the world produces the fabrication centre gradually to China , the logistics of our country market potential is more and more big , logistics marketplace capacities will reach 1,197,200,000,000 yuan to 2010. According to that our country adds the promise time WTO,in 2005 the Chinese logistics job opens to the outside world already all round, including that freight , the goods renting , general goods wholesale , retail and their logistics fields such as logistics distribution , entry-exit motor transport canceling in restriction on foreign capital such as region , share ratio in the highway. Therefore, foreign capital is able to look on logistics industry as the new popular investment spot. A few abroad logistics magnate seeps through home market gradually if UPS , Fedex , TNT , Exel wait , makes use of the technology fund and the whole world network advantage to devor the domestic logistics marketplace. Therefore, enterprise carries out analysis on transnational logistics in business operations of our country , development of job has active significance to our country logistics. One transnational logistics enterprise general situation in our country at present, the Chinese marketplace has owned almost 510,000 logistics enterprise , among them, foreign capital has accounted for 0.13% , has been more than 680, concentrate Bohai Bay area on the long triangle , the pearl triangle , be encircled by mainly, market share height amounts to 8% , market share is able to increase by unceasingly since and transnational fabrication enterprise works together with them still unceasingly. Following explains the transnational logistics enterprise condition in our country from three aspect. 1. Business structure--- expands unceasingly. Concentrate business on air transport (1) and pass quickly mainly. The airfreight marketplace will increase by with 10.3% speed sharing every year at present Chinese in the homeland , speed passes marketplace scale already exceeding 10 billion yuan , speed increases by degrees and with 30% every year. The label fixes the queen especially "Sino-US expands aviation serving an agreement " , airfreight competition is especially fierce. By being unlike way being engaged in the airfreight , in the homeland parcel , heavy cargo express mail,speed passes TNT , DHL , UPS , Fedex waiting for business. Ocean shipping, does (2) residue China if Ma Shi Ji He Mei incorporates logistics , iron , these logistics enterprise has the fine ocean shipping network and handles experience, act for , how dyadic through transport , dock , harbour container logistics business (3) added value logistics such as serves , the finance serves , foreign trade , manpower and talented person rent if keeping logistics in a storehouse , matching, agency foreign ship providing international ocean shipping mainly, to wait. A lot of finances carrying out the stock mortgage cooperating to come to gather money of for the exporter provides generation drawing in the banking institution passing in and out of trade middle , UPS and domestic few waiting are served. (4) highway freight and entry-exit highway transportation , railroad freight. Ma Shi Ji cooperates with Chinese in relation to enterprise also step by step in these fields. That whole journey supply chain management (5), is just the fourth parties logistics pattern that we often mention , this is their business developing trend. The company who resolves a scheme if UPS has set up supply chain, expands the UPS business to the all-direction fourth parties logistics administration taking that logistics , express delivery , finance , supply chain consult about as core. All above these transnational logistics enterprise concentrates the transnational enterprise and joint venture in our country on business marriage partner mainly, logistics field fields such as relating to the home appliance , automobile , IT , chemical industry , high technology , telecommunication , electron , medicine health care articles , silver products , retail , food , selling a product. 2 networks are developed opening up an exhibition unceasingly. And exploitation facing the Chinese logistics marketplace, high-sounding words of logistics magnate numerous and confused promotes the Chinese area network construction plan abroad , a little world-level the logistics company throws into sum network construction if DHL , UPS , Fedex , TNT have all enlarged the fund to Chinese area, Shanghai moving to Chinese numerously and confusedly with Asia-Pacific general headquarter waits for a field. Transnational logistics enterprise concentrates economic growth such as Yangtze River delta area , centering on moist area of Beijing ring Bohai Bay area taking Shanghai as centre in centering on Hong Kong the Delta of the Pearl River area on net of our country mainly, quicker economic zone, 85.96% scatter on eastern region, 8.78% scatter on central region, 5.26% scatter on western region, the person main scatter city be Shanghai, Xiamen, Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and so on harbour city and Nanjing, Beijing and so on part inland city, And face Middle West province city autonomous region expand step by step. If Fedex is unique at present one international express company having business network in South China , North China , eastern China. Lately, FedEx takes Shanghai as centre having 220 cities net to serve 500 cities in China , the point planning the net increasing by 100 again before 2008, serves the city expanding serving to 1000. Fedex is set up in Guangzhou white cloud international airport the Asia-Pacific luck turns in one's favour centre this July , is is that the gigantic freight marketplace especially the express marketplace hangs in the homeland has built strategy platform eat China mark, the goods that FedEx possessions conveys within Asia network, will transit shipment after white cloud airport; The branch company of UPS supply chain company in our country already amounts to 23 , international logistics business is all over the more than 170 our country city, Guangzhou , Shanghai and Hong Kong among them are that main part contacting Europe and American navigates point. The UPS plan transships a centre in setting up aviation in Shanghai in 2007 , those transport to the American goods from China can carry out assignment process Shanghai , the USA goods distributes to everywhere also from Shanghai after coming in. Build Shanghai after transshiping a centre, UPS will according to more aviation right number of runs or flights that future USA Ministry of Communications assigns, develop to Chinese western part and link with Europe every country. 3. The achievement general situation climbs a litre unceasingly. In recent several tens years , international short logistics express delivery four magnates UPS , Fedex , DHL , TNT have already occupied 80% market share of Chinese international express delivery , business amount and business earnings have increased by in China above keeping 20% without exception every year. UPS increases by 45% compared with the same period of the last year in Chinese marketplace business amount in 2003 , sales volume reaches 33,500,000,000 U. S. dollar, Chinese area business exports amounts in 2004 2nd quarter, increasing 70% compared to the same term in 2003, gross profit doing business to UPS in 2007 with realizing 15%. UPS is growing by amounts in the whole world business in 2004 being 10% , is accompanying but middle bad.
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