推荐回答(1个)
清代宫廷筵宴可分为内廷筵宴、宗室宴、御殿大宴和婚嫁赏赉筵宴四类。前两类多由内务府御茶膳房经办,后两类则主要归光禄寺经办。光禄寺主掌“祭享宴劳、酒醴膳馐之事”。
光禄寺承办筵宴的规格分满席六等,汉席三等,上席、中席各一等。每等宴席所用材料、品种、数量、质量各方面都有严格的规定,不同的宴筵用不同等级的宴席。元旦、“万寿圣节”、冬至、皇帝大婚、公主下嫁、出师凯旋,俱用四等满席;除夕、赐外藩王公馔筵,用五等满席;经筵礼成,衍圣公朝觐,用六等满席;皇帝临辟雍讲学次日赐宴、文武会试出场赐宴,兼用一、二、三等汉席;恩荣宴、会武宴,兼用上席、中席;修书开馆日、告成日,用一、二等汉席;赫哲、费雅喀来京娶妇赐宴,用六等满席。筵宴地点,根据隆重程度有所不同。元旦、“万寿圣节”、冬至、皇帝大婚宴,在太和殿举行;公主下嫁的初定礼、成婚礼宴会,在保和殿举行;出师凯旋,在西苑丰泽园或紫光阁设宴;经筵礼成赐宴,在文华殿东西配殿。
归内务府承办的筵宴,有皇帝家宴的性质,其中还包括皇子皇孙结婚时的初定礼、成婚礼宴会;除夕、元旦赐来京值年班的蒙古王公宴(一次在保和殿,一次在乾清宫)。每逢节庆的宗亲宴,都在乾清宫举行。届时在“正大光明”匾下宝座前地平床上设皇帝膳桌,下面东西两侧摆设宴桌,东边第一桌为皇后宴桌,设宝座,皇贵妃以下两人一桌,不设座位。家宴的参加者有皇后及以下各级妃嫔、公主等。宗亲陪侍的则是各位亲王、郡王、贝勒等。皇帝入座后宴会开始,按顺序上热菜、汤菜,进膳后上奶茶,而后摆酒膳,荤菜20品、果子20品、酒膳15品,酒膳后宴会结束。
各类宴会中特别要提到的是千叟宴。大清王朝共举行过四次千叟宴。第一次是在康熙五十二年(1713)农历三月二十五日,康熙60大寿时。地点在畅春园,参加者有65岁以上老人近2000人。第二次在康熙六十一年(1722)农历正月,因康熙69岁生日举行千叟宴。地点乾清宫,参加者有65岁以上老人1500余人。第三次是乾隆五十年(1785)农历三月十四日,参加者为60岁以上老人共3900余人,开宴席800余桌、地点乾清宫。第四次是乾隆六十一年,即嘉庆元年(1796)正月,为庆贺归政大典,举行千叟宴,地点在宁寿宫皇极殿,参加者为年逾花甲的满汉官民5900余人。
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