不知道你用什么语言开发。
我先贴一个C#的。
IFeatureLayer featureLayer = m_mapControl.get_Layer(0) as IFeatureLayer;
IFeatureClass featureClass = featureLayer.FeatureClass;
int num = featureClass.Fields.FieldCount;
ListlstName = new List ();
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
string name = featureClass.Fields.get_Field(i).Name;
lstName.Add(name);
}