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松节水是一种主要成分为萜烯及双萜的澄清无色液体。吸入时的蒸汽浓度在高于建议暴露值时,会对眼睛和呼吸道有刺激性;造成头痛和眩晕.有麻醉性,对其它中枢神经系统有影响。经常或长期接触会使皮肤脱脂而干燥,造成不适和皮肤炎。 松节油是一种常用的溶剂和化工原料,也称为松节水,是一种成份复杂的无色或浅黄色的透明液体,主要成份为蒎烯。蒎烯 是一种萜。分子式C10H16。有a-和β-蒎烯两种异构体,二者都存在于多种天然精油中。松节油中含有58%~65%的a-蒎烯和30%的β-蒎烯。 a-蒎烯的右旋体存在于带蜡松节油和中国海南省产松节油中,左旋体则存在于西班牙、奥地利松节油和中国广大产区的松节油中a - 蒎烯均为无色液体 ;右旋体的沸点156℃,相对密度 0.8591(20/4℃) ,比旋光度+51.14°。a-蒎烯在空气中能自动氧化聚合变稠,故常被用作抗氧化剂 ,如二叔丁基对甲酚 。a-蒎烯氢化生成蒎烷;也可异构成含3%~6%β-蒎烯的混合物。a-蒎烯在硫酸作用下水合开环,生成松油醇。a-蒎烯用酸处理,发生重排反应生成2-氯莰和莰烯。由莰烯或2-氯莰都可制成樟脑。a-蒎烯可用于矫正一些工业产品的香味,并可作涂料溶剂、杀虫剂和增塑剂等。β-蒎烯在松节油中含量较a-蒎烯低 ,在美国大量从松节油中分馏得到,中国思茅松节油含β-蒎烯约30%。右旋体的沸点164~166℃,相对密度0.8654(20/4℃),比旋光度〔a〕D+28.6°。遇热极易异构化成a-蒎烯,也可水合和异构化成莰烯。β-蒎烯热裂解生成月桂烯,可作为合成开链萜的原料;与甲醛加成生成诺卜醇,其乙酸酯用作香料。以β-蒎烯为原料还能生产多种香料和维生素A、维生素E等。
松节油是透明无色具有芳香味的液体,相对密度为0.86~0.87,折光指数为1.4670~1.4710。松节油与乙醚、酒精、苯、二硫化碳、四氯化碳等有机溶剂互溶。松节油本身无酸性,但受外界氧化作用而成游离酸。由于含水含酸而影响颜色,若无水、无酸又不与空气接触,则不易变色。松节油不溶于水,但易挥发干燥。属二级易燃液体,闪点32℃,自燃点235℃。遇高热易爆炸,遇强氧化剂亦能燃烧爆炸,爆炸极限在32~53℃时为0.8~62体积百分数。松节油的组分比较复杂,在近代的分析中常采用物理分析方法测定其物理常数,如沸点 松节油、相对密度、折射率、旋光度、熔点和粘度等都是重要的指标,用来区别和鉴定萜烯化合物。松节油由各种萜烯混合物组成,主要成分是蒎烯,由于蒎烯中双键和环的存在,所以松节油易发生下列反应: 1、氧化反应松节油容易吸收空气中的氧而被氧化,当有水分存在时,则氧化变为黄色粘稠状的物质,所以松节油不可长期暴露在空气中。 2、异构化反应a-蒎烯在催化剂偏钛酸的作用下,可发生异构反应,生成莰烯,莰烯是一种重要的中间体,通过它可以合成一系列的物质,如合成樟脑。 3、加成反应a-蒎烯在催化剂硫酸的作用下,可与水起加成作用,生成水合萜二醇,再脱去一个分子水,可得松油醇。 4、酯化反应在a-蒎烯的双键上加上有机酸而生成酯,如草酸异龙脑酯。利用这一反应,可合成冰片。 5、氢化反应蒎烯在催化剂的作用下,可在双键上加入氢原子,然后经过一系列反应,可制取芳樟醇,它是一种重要的香料。 6、聚合反应a-蒎烯和b-蒎烯在隋性溶剂中经催化剂作用,都可发生聚合作用,使分子之间互相连接,蒸去溶剂后,便得到萜烯树脂。
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