推荐回答(2个)
作为中国十大名茶之首,安溪铁观音备受欢迎。目前,市场上的铁观音按制作和保存年限划分,可以分为新茶、陈茶和陈年老茶。通常当年采制的茶叶称新茶,保存第二年至十年以内的茶叶称陈茶,保存十年以上的茶叶方称陈年老茶。
那么,安溪铁观音的新茶、陈茶和陈年老茶该如何辨别呢?有什么技巧呢?
首先,从外在方面来看,可通过两个途径来判断:
一是感其重。新茶卷曲、壮结、沉重,含水量一般在百分之以下,且因长年的贮藏,茶末增多,用手指轻轻一捏,即成粉末状,故经筛选后,同样体积的茶叶,保存时间越长,重量越轻,至于茶叶保管不善,经久吸湿,含水量增高,湿软而重,则另当别论了。
二是观其型。新茶的外型呈现铁观音独特的 “青蒂绿腹蜻蜓头”状,特别是20世纪90年代中叶以来,安溪茶农学习和借鉴台湾的茶叶加工技术和方法,成茶条索卷曲,呈 “海蚵干”状,而制作20世纪90年代中叶前的的陈年老茶茶型一般条形较长。
其次,从品饮方面来看,可通过三个途径来判断:
一是闻其香。专家研究表明,在铁观音成品茶中香气成分70种,其中10余种香气成分为铁观音独有的典型特征,这些成分的共同特征是带有各种鲜花和似果味香气,特殊的生化组合,丰富的芳香物质种类,构成了铁观音香气悠长和带有多种天然花果香味的特殊品质。新茶在启盖时,有清香、兰花香、桂花香、果香等独特香气,芬芳扑鼻且馥郁持久,饮后使人心旷神怡,心情舒畅,而茶叶在贮藏的过程中,其香气既不断挥发,不饱和成分又会缓慢氧化,因此,随着时间的推移,香气和会由浓变淡,由新茶时的清香馥郁而转变为低沉。但只要保存得当,特别是真空包装或低温冷冻,即使是隔年的陈茶,同样具有馥郁鲜爽的香气,而陈年老茶则香气基本消失。
二是品其味。新茶的滋味甘醇鲜爽,带有特殊的 “音韵”而在贮藏过程中,由于茶中的酚类化合物、氨基酸、维生素等构成滋味的特质,有的分解挥发,有的缩合成不浓于水的物质,从而使可浓于茶汤中的有效滋味物质逐步减少,因此,陈年的滋味鲜爽度减弱,显得醇而不爽。陈年老茶的滋味虽口感醇厚,但由于酯类成分发生水解和不短氧化,其结果往往使有些陈年老茶有老化味,即人们常说的 “旧味”,且茶叶保藏10年后,茶叶的滋味呈现一种酸性,随着保藏年限的延长,其酸味趋重。至15年后,酸味又消失,茶叶转化成辛草味,且带有甜味。
三是察其色。铁观音新茶的色泽砂绿乌润或者青绿油润,略有红点,优质茶叶表面带有白霜,茶汤金黄且浓艳清澈,叶低亦鲜绿明亮。而茶叶在贮藏的过程中,构成茶叶色泽的一些物质,会在光、气、热的作用下。缓慢的发生分解或氧化,如在外观方面,茶叶中了绿素的分解、氧化,会使茶叶的色泽变得枯灰而逐步失去光泽;茶多酚产生氧化缩合,会使新茶的色泽由乌润变得灰暗。在汤色方面。由于贮藏时间长,维生素C氧化而产生的茶褐素、氨基酸和糖分发生褐变反应的结果,会使茶汤失去原有的新鲜色泽,由茶汤的透析度降低;茶褐素的增多,则使汤色变得浑浊,同样会失去新茶的鲜活感。因此,陈茶的表面白霜逐步消失,色泽转灰暗,茶汤及叶低呈清红色,透析度降低。陈年老茶的色泽逐步变得乌黑油润,汤色及叶低呈深红状。也有个别茶贩,为提高茶叶销售价格,在新茶里中掺进了陈茶,这种茶色泽不匀,新茶色泽新鲜悦目,陈茶发暗、枯、黑,两者混在一起,茶色深浅反差很大,只要仔细辨认是不难鉴别的。
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