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2011-10-26 本文行家:王艺儒魔术是一门综合艺术,与自然科学有着非常细密的联系,科学技能的发明给魔术本身带来了多次革命,如丝绸技能的前进,使中国早在汉代就出现了大批彩扎的魔术节目;魏晋以后炼丹术的流行,产生出很多化学魔术的雏型;宋代古彩戏法的出现。魔术的原理 爱好者要想掌握魔术的秘密,一般要从三方面入手:(1)究其原理,弄清布局;(2)锻炼本领,掩盖秘密;(3)注重表演,出神入化。弄清原理是掌握魔术秘密的前提。魔术是一门综合艺术,与自然科学有着非常细密的联系,科学技能的发明给魔术本身带来了多次革命,如丝绸技能的前进,使中国早在汉代就出现了大批彩扎的魔术节目;魏晋以后炼丹术的流行,产生出很多化学魔术的雏型;宋代古彩戏法的出现,与当时制磁业的发达有关;而火药、磁石的普及又生出了魔术中的烟火戏、磁力的魔术等等。古代的科学家们的发明往往与魔术有关联。春秋时的公输般,造出会飞的木鸟;汉代的张衡,在《西京赋》中描写了当时的魔术表演;三国时的马钧,亲手制作过一台会耍魔术杂技的木偶戏;宋代的沈括,探索魔术“腹言术”的秘密等。现代科学技能工作者们,也爱把魔术活动作为娱乐和休息的项目,这也便是魔术本身的原理与科学息息相关。 自然科学原理在魔术中的应用,表现在设计制作与表演两个方面。每一套魔术,要做到滴水不漏,必须预先设计好一定的表演程序,依靠程序来引导观众,使之像雾里看花一样;要设计好表演程序,就必须事先颠末一番周密的推敲和部署。于是,数学、逻辑学就显示了它们的作用。表面看来,魔术表演使人扑朔迷离;而表演的背后,则是数学盘算、逻辑推理等方面的充分运用。 1、运用物理原理。如道具的布局,无论是暗门、夹层的制作,还是人体腾空时的支点,无不根据杠杆、斜面等力学原理。光的分析,折光的运用,对掩盖魔术的秘密痕迹尤为重要。利用镜子的反光、舞台的灯光乃至激光技能,营造出五花八门的奇幻空间。如人头长在鲜花蕊中,或人悬在半空中旋转等魔术,都是光的折射变化造成的。 2、关联心理学。一位有履历的魔术师必须能把握住观众的情绪,掌握观众的情绪,掌握观众的心理状况,通过表演程序一步步引导观众坠入迷宫。有一些魔术节目直接和观众打仗,这时,把握好观众的心理,处理瞬息万变的场合排场,都是魔术表演者必修的心理学课程。 3、化学的应用。如鲜花的绽放,物品颜色的变化,以及魔术中的闪光、烟雾、水、火等,都是化学在其中运用的佳构,这也便是所谓的化学魔术。 4、动力的应用。在魔术表演中也是必不可少的,如扑克牌会自动从牌叠中跳出来,魔杖忽然自己翻了一个跟斗等。在古代,这类魔术多用细线拉动,故称“丝法门”。其实,丝法门也有力学原理。
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