推荐回答（1个）
石墨烯具有独特的结构和优异的性能, 近年来在化学、物理和材料学界引起了广泛的研究兴趣，并且在石墨烯的制备上已取得了不少的进展。本文就物理方法方面概述了
石墨烯的制备方法。
物理方法通常是以廉价的石墨或膨胀石墨为原料，通过机械剥离法、取向附生法、液相或气相直接剥离法来制备单层或多层石墨烯。这些方法原料易得, 操作相对简单，合成的石墨烯的纯度高、缺陷较少。
机械剥离法制备石墨烯
机械剥离法或微机械剥离法是最简单的一种方法，即直接将石墨烯薄片从较大的晶体上剥离下来。Novoselovt 等于2004年用一种极为简单的微机械剥离法成功地从高定向热解石墨上剥离并观测到单层石墨烯，验证了单层石墨烯的独立存在。具体工艺如下：首先利用氧等离子在1 mm厚的高定向热解石墨表面进行离子刻蚀，当在表面刻蚀出宽20 μm~2 mm、深5 μm的微槽后，用光刻胶将其粘到玻璃衬底上，再用透明胶带反复撕揭，然后将多余的高定向热解石墨去除并将粘有微片的玻璃衬底放入丙酮溶液中进行超声，最后将单晶硅片放入丙酮溶剂中，利用范德华力或毛细管力将单层石墨烯捞出。
但是这种方法存在一些缺点，如所获得的产物尺寸不易控制，无法可靠地制备出长度足够的石墨烯，因此不能满足工业化需求。
取向附生法晶膜生长制备石墨烯
Peter W.Sutter 等使用稀有金属钌作为生长基质，利用基质的原子结构种出了石墨烯。首先在 1150 °C下让C原子渗入钌中，然后冷却至850 °C，之前吸收的大量碳原子就会浮到钌表面，在整个基质表面形成镜片形状的单层碳原子孤岛，孤岛逐渐长大，最终长成一层完整的石墨烯。第一层覆盖率达80 %后，第二层开始生长，底层的石墨烯与基质间存在强烈的交互作用，第二层形成后就前一层与基质几乎完全分离，只剩下弱电耦合，这样制得了单层石墨烯薄片。但采用这种方法生产的石墨烯薄片往往厚度不均匀，且石墨烯和基质之间的黏合会影响制得的石墨烯薄片的特性。
液相和气相直接剥离法制备石墨烯
液相和气相直接剥离法指的是直接把石墨或膨胀石墨(EG)(一般通过快速升温至1000 °C以上把表面含氧基团除去来获取)加在某种有机溶剂或水中，借助超声波、加热或气流的作用制备一定浓度的单层或多层石墨烯溶液。Coleman等参照液相剥离碳纳米管的方式将石墨分散在N-甲基-吡咯烷酮 (NMP) 中，超声1h 后单层石墨烯的产率为1%，而长时间的超声(462 h)可使石墨烯浓度高达1.2 mg/mL。研究表明，当溶剂与石墨烯的表面能相匹配时，溶剂与石墨烯之间的相互作用可以平衡剥离石墨烯所需的能量，能够较好地剥离石墨烯的溶剂表面张力范围为40~50mJ/m2。利用气流的冲击作用能够提高剥离石墨片层的效率。Janowska 等以膨胀石墨为原料，微波辐照下发现以氨水做溶剂能提高石墨烯的总产率(~8%)。深入研究证实高温下溶剂分解产生的氨气能渗入石墨片层中， 当气压超过一定数值至足以克服石墨片层间的范德华力时就能使石墨剥离。
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