高分悬赏，求高手汉译英（上）！不要翻译软件的！急急急！～

lz,这个长度怎么也得200,才跟的起

Two, the new common essential features administration that new public administration manages is a
very loose concept, now that it referring to one kind of the administration theory trying to
replace tradition study of public administration, refer to one kind of new public administration
pattern , refer to reformation motion continuing being in progress in the present age west public
administration field. But whose name is also be unable completely identical in west every country,
if calling "managerialism " in United Kingdom, "the government or "new common administration "
being called an entrepreneur" then in USA, in a few countries are called "market-oriented type

public administration " other waiting a minute, they all have the briefly identical characteristic.
First , newly common relation between managing the government and society under having changed the common pattern of tradition, function and their relation with society again carries out allocation on the government: Bureaucratic apparatus being that the government is to be very lofty no longer ", oneself serves " , the government functionary of government ought to be "an enterprise manager and handling crew " assuming responsibility for , the public of society is to provide government tax revenue "taxpayer" and to enjoy the "the customer" or "customer" that the government serves as bringing back a report then , the government is served should take customer as guiding , should strengthen the public of pair of society need's responding to a force. In recent years, United Kingdom-Germany, Holland waits for the simplification that the country government adopts to serve procedures , works out and announces serving a standard , establishing "one station shop " service in some one-level administration area and some branches or industry and so on, be a little what be come into force concrete measure under this new government human relations in society patterns.
The public administration meter throws into the secondary, and tradition , does not mind output diversity, new common administration further takes the government activity's seriously outputing and bearing fruit , is to pay attention to providing public service efficiency and mass, from this but pay attention to giving "a gleam of the manager and the handling crew " (be to be hit by the vulgar civil official) to with duty , right , duty, if on the plan and budget, the strategic objective and long range taking organization seriously plan, emphasize the "control of the aggregates" to budget, Give a gleam of manager the full autonomy in the field of allocation of resources , personnel arrangement etc., to adapt to the indeterminate change outside environment and the need that the public changes unceasingly.
But new common administration opposes tradition public administration observing established laws and statutes again , light achievement imitates the method of work determining and estimating that , advocate loosening strict administration gauge system (control namely mainly by regulatory system) thirdly, with upper little rapid and intense association,the achievement effect target coming true strictly and impartially controls, be to ascertain organization , the personal concrete target , show and the bid (performance indicator) according to achievement effect accomplishing condition to the target carrying out measurement and estimating that, from this but have produced three so-called E, Be three big variables such as economy (economy) , efficiency (efficency) and effect (effect) etc.
Fourthly, public administration discriminates against private branch supervisor mode diversity with tradition, and new common , management by objectives managing office procedure and means emphasizing that the government adopt the private branch to succeed broadly (if cost performance analysis, is total quality management TQM etc.) competing for mechanism, cancel the monopoly that public service supplies, if "government business contract let out ", "competitiveness waits by tend " , new common administration thinks, although government's main function be a provide provide society with service , this does not imply all public service should be provided directly by the government.

Lately public management:The new trend of contemporary and western public administration
The lately public management is a 80's prosperous at the English, the United States etc. a kind of new public administration theories and management style of the western nation, is also the corpus that the western scale unprecedented administration reforms in recent years instruction one of the thoughts.It takes modern economics as own ories foundation and lay claim to in the government to wait a public section to extensively adopt management method and competition mechanism of success of the privately owned section.The lately public management reflected to some extent public administration development of regulation and trend, as a result to our country administration management of the theories didn't draw lessons from meaning with fulfillment not.
Have once predominated western long about a centuries of public administration realm since 70's in 19 centuries, and is praise for go it effectively and even the best of tradition or called essential public administration, suffered new exterior the more and more rigorous challenge of the environment, it almost inflexible, come to a deadlock of section layer the system can't adapt information and knowledge of quick variety an intensive type society and economy life more and more, it depends on with the foundation-Pete Wilson of the two greatest theorieses and ancient virtuous promise for build up of politics-administration two cent talk about with the Wei elder brother of one's father section layer's managing a theory all can't answer to reach agreement what government face definitely day by day serious question and difficulty:The government public finance crisis, the social welfare policy is hard is after, the government organ is gradually huge and swollen, the efficiency is lowly, the public loses confidence to the government's ability, the "government failure" ory beginning predominate position.
BE exactly at thus of under the history background, a kind of new public administration theories, management style-lately public management(NewPublic Management) in the 80's of British and American two countrieses emerge with the tide of the times, and quickly expand to western all countries.Different from the change that carry on inside traditional public administration frame before, the lately public management isn't the partial adjustment which manages system and way to carry on a certain degree to the existing administration, or only is for lowering an administration management of cost, decrease administration expenses expenditure, more important, it is to 1 kind of traditional public administration mode to clear up accounts completely with negation.
A, the theories foundation of lately public management
If say traditional public administration with Pete Wilson, ancient virtuous promise's politics-two cents of administrations talk about with the section layer system of the Wei elder brother of one's father talk about for its theories prop up the words of the point, lately public management then with the modern economics and the private enterprise manage theories and method Be an own theories foundation.
First, the lately public management acquires many theories basises from the modern economics, if acquire the basis of results management from the assumption of "reasonableness person"(all of the person's reasonablenesses be for the self-interest, all hope with minimum of pay to acquire the biggest benefits);Acquire a government from the public choice and the bargain cost theories should take the market or the customer as a direction, raise service efficiency, quality and the basis of usefulness;Acquire to carry on a define to the government results target from the cost-performance the analysis, measure and valuation of according to the etc..
Secondly, the lately public management draws to take nourishment from the privately owned the management the method again.The new public administration management thinks that many management methods and meanses of the privately owned section are all public section use.Can vividly adapt environment such as the organized form of privately owned section, not what Wei elder brother of one's father say come to a deadlock of the section layer system;Produce towards produce with result of height value(say to the privately owned section, produce and then mean profits, but in the height the competition of the market environment, obtain the profits has to provide the service of high quality for customer and possibly decline in the meantime low cost), not take care of throw in, not heavily;Carry out vivid contract to employ to make on the personal management with the results wages system, not as soon as employ, permanently work, etc..In fine, the lately public management think, those already with is successfully making use of for the privately owned section of management method, such as results management, target management, organization development, human resource development etc. don't is possess singly by privately owned section and they completely can make use of the management of public section.