托尔曼的认知行为主义与班杜拉的社会学习理论??

2024-11-29 22:15:46
推荐回答(4个)
回答1:

回复 axey 的帖子(1)托尔曼自称是一位行为主义心理学家,但他关注如期望,情绪等认知因素,或者更确切地说是人的内部的因素,并对s—r公式进行了s—o—r的调整,试图以此来调和行为主义与认知观点的矛盾。因此他的行为主义被学界称为新行为主义。他之所以被认为是认知心理学的开山鼻祖,就是因为他不像传统的行为主要心理学家那样过分地强调行为发生的外在因素,而转向对人的认知过程的关注,当然,这种关注是原始的,并未提出系统的认知心理学理论。(2)班杜拉的行为主义的几个核心概念是替代强化,直接强化和自我强化。我们都知道班杜拉的行为主义具体到学习理论上,就是社会学习理论。我们可以回顾一下斯金纳和巴甫洛夫的行为主义学习理论,其核心概念又都是强化,只不过在具体的强化概念上有所差别。因此,整个行为主义学习理论,最关键的概念就是强化,这也是划分认知学习理论和行为主义学习理论的一个重要依据。诚然,在班杜拉的概念里出现了像自我强化这样的概念,但观察学习和替代强化强调的无疑是外部条件的作用。也许在我们今天开来,这些过程包含了认知的要素,但班杜拉的理论出发点无疑是考察更广阔的强化问题,而非人的内部的认知过程,因此,从整体上看,班杜拉的理论无疑是行为主义的。(3)对于相近的实验结果,不同的心理学家提出了不同的观点,从不同的角度来解释某一类似问题。托尔曼的主要实验是老鼠迷津实验,他从实验的结果中得出了诸如潜伏学习和认知地图之类的概念,并由此进一步阐述了他的学习心理学理论。这一观点,其实与格式塔学派的完型—顿悟说更为接近。其实认知地图就是一种完型的具体实例,是在机体内部形成的关于情景的比较全面的认识。班杜拉没有提出过潜伏的概念。如果我的理解没错的话,楼主所说的班杜拉涉及的潜伏是社会学习的一个具体过程,而托尔曼提出的潜伏学习是一种类型的学习,两者在概念的层次上就是不对等的,因此不能混为一谈。替代强化和潜伏学习也不是一会事,因为两位心理学家认识问题的角度不同,实验前对实验的预期也不同,研究的方向也不一样。以我们今天的观点看,替代学习也好,自我强化也好,当然涉及到认知的因素,但是,班杜拉还是从行为主义的观点来研究它们的,他对行为主义所作的扩展,无非是考虑到了更广阔的社会刺激,而没有改变行为主义一贯的s—r公式的研究方向。

回答2:

托尔曼属于强化连接理论中,在大纲解析里就有,具体哪页忘了,班杜拉是社会认知理论

回答3:

从托尔曼以后好多心里学家开始从认知的方向研究心里

回答4:

在班杜拉之前的吧

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