推荐回答(2个)
一是字间笔画流畅。行书的小章法,即单字的间架结构是靠连笔连画组成的,字内笔画是否流畅直接影响着“行气”的神韵。怎样才是流畅的呢?我认为要本着把方字写圆的基调,按照驻笔入锋,中锋铺毫,提按行笔,起伏使转,驻锋收笔的技法要求,疾迟于字里行间,在实际习练中,尤感提按起伏和翻绞使转之难度,如果能畅快地在使转中起伏,在起伏中舞蹈,那么笔画流畅的问题就大有可为了。再者,笔画之间要相互连带,处理好上笔与下笔的关系,做到笔笔有交待,处处有呼应,或几笔连成一笔,或笔断意连,或符号代入,使笔锋、副毫和水墨融为一体,充满筋骨血肉之感,把单字写活,为“行气”的形成奠定基础,做好铺垫。
二是字外相互呼应。所谓字外相互呼应,我体会到就是指邻字之间要有顾盼关系,不能把每一个字都孤立起来,谁也不管谁。笔势要有从上至下连贯行走的态势,前后左右合理避让。有时是字与字的呼应,如同样的字几种写法;有时是字意的呼应,即不同的字表达相近的意思;有时是笔画的呼应,就是上一字的收笔映带下一字的起笔,可以实连,也可以虚连,实连时可以两三个字成为一体,虚连时则笔画断开,而意向呼应,如:空枪、映带、飞白、细笔等都是虚连。这种上下左右的字外呼应,能使“行气”连贯,血脉流畅, 浑然一体,生动活泼。
三是字形收放得法。字形的收与放是行书的重要特征,它反映着“行气”的功力。我觉得作为单字而言,收要收得住,放要放得开。有的是内收外放,有的则是内放外收;有的是上放下收,有的则是上收下放;有的是左收右放,有的则是左放右收。如此种种,只有收放得法,才能使“行气”形成逆能紧、拓能开、擒能定、纵能安的艺术效果。
四是字径大小相济。在一篇作品中,第一个字的大小决定其它字的大小,此乃首字领篇之要义。但在研究“行气”时,不能简单套用,切忌把首字领篇误用为首字领行,否则,就会导致谋篇布局上重下轻、天大地小的弊疾。在一行字中,每个字都要有大小之别,有的是大小大小,有的是大大小小,有的可以一大几小,有的也可以一小几大。这种大与小的安排没有固定模式,同样的一行字,可以有多种处理,但一般来说,笔画多的要大,笔画少的要小,有特定含义的可大,无特定含义的可小,这样的“行气”就有一种轻松明快的起伏跳跃之感,充分展示技法律动的生命活力。
五是字距疏密有度。从章法上讲,行书要求竖有行而横无列。这就说明行书每行的字距是不相等的,各行字与字之间的距离错位形成壁折之势。这就是“行气”疏密的基本要求。行书的字距既不能像真书那样整齐得纵行横列,又不能像草书那样过分夸张。一般来说,字距小余行距,在同一行里,各字之间的距离基本相等,有时也可以适度拉开,但以不断气为宜。当然字距的疏密程度不能孤立地处理,更不能随心所欲,要与字形的状态和字径的大小乃至书法环境的变化结合起来把握,形成一种“行气”流的冲击感。
六是字势欹正得当。大凡“五体书”都有一个欹正的问题,而行书的“行气”对字势的欹正关系有着特殊的要求。我体悟“行气”是由单字构成的,所以“行气”的欹正之势取决于字势之态。有的字左欹右正,有的左正右欹;有的上正下欹,有上欹下正。有的字则把欹正要求用方圆的形式加以处理,如内圆外方,内方外圆;上圆下方,上方下圆;左圆右方,左方右圆等取势都适用行书的“行气”要求。关键是要取势得当,该欹则欹,该正则正,该圆则圆,该方则方,有时可能是某一笔画的欹正,有时可能是某一部位的欹正,有时也可能是某个字的欹正,这就需要书家的匠心独具,别出心裁。
七是字轴贯通到底。由于欹正和错落的要求,弄不好,往往会使字轴偏离字行的中心线,这样就会破坏行气,使行列不分,章法混乱。我认为,不管字如何欹正错落,大小变化,其字的轴心都要始终保持在一条中心线上,力求上下贯通,体现一气呵成之感,这样的“行气”才可能生动有力,古朴端庄。
八是字色层次分明。字的颜色是靠墨色的浓淡润躁来实现的。浓者躁之,淡者润之。我觉得调墨是形成墨色浓淡的基本条件,而用墨则是创造躁润艺术层次的重要手段,所以调好墨色只是满足了书法作品基本层面的要求,如何在这个层面上以躁取险和以润取妍,创造艺术层次的立体视觉,这是对书家用墨技法的实际检验。要产生这种效果,必须在控墨上动脑筋。我的体会是蘸一次墨写完六七个字左右,笔上的墨就会由浓变淡,再由淡变涩,乃至枯笔,这时再蘸墨继续书写,而且各行的蘸墨时机自然错开,于是就出现墨色浓淡躁润的层次变化,形成由平面直书到立体动感的艺术升华。
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