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这故事发生在建安十三年(公元208年)ll月。当时,曹操率兵50万,号称80万,进攻孙权。孙权兵弱,他和曹操的敌人刘备联合,兵力也不过三、五万,只得凭借长江天险,拒守在大江南岸。 这年十月,孙权和刘备的联军,在赤壁(今湖北省蒲沂县)同曹操的先头部队遭遇。曹军多为北方兵士,不习水战,很多人得了疾病;土气很低。两军刚一接触,曹操方面就吃了一个小败仗。曹操被迫退回长江北岸,屯军乌林(今湖北洪湖县境),同联军隔江对峙。为了减轻船舰被风浪颠簸,曹操命令工匠把战船连接起来,在上面铺上木板。这样,船身稳定多了,人可以在上面往来行走,还可以在上面骑马哩。这就是所谓“连环战船”,曹操认为这是个渡江的好办法。 但是,“连环战船”目标大,行动不便。所以,有人提醒曹操防备吴军乘机火攻。曹操却认为:“凡用火攻,必借东风,方令隆冬之际,但有西北风,安有东南风耶?吾居于西北之上,彼兵皆在南岸,彼若用火,是烧自己之兵也,吾何俱哉?若是十月阳春之时,吾早已提备矣。”周瑜也看到了这个问题,只是由于气候条件不利火攻,急得他“口吐鲜血,不省人事”。刘备军师诸葛亮用“天有不测风云”一语,点破了周瑜的病因,并密书十六字:“欲破曹公,宜用火攻;万事俱备,只欠东风。”可见,对于火攻的条件,曹、周、诸葛三人都有共同的认识。 然而,诸葛亮由于家住赤壁不远的南阳(今湖北襄阳附近),对赤壁一带天气气候规律的认识,比曹、周两人更深刻、更具体。西北风只是气候现象,在气候背景下可以出现东风,这是天气现象。在军事气象上,除了必须考虑气候规律之外,还须考虑天气规律作为补充。当时,谙葛亮根据对天气气候变化的分析,凭着自己的经验,已准确地预报出出现偏东风的时间。但为唬弄周瑜,他却设坛祭神“借东风”。十一月的一个夜晚,果然刮起了东南风,而且风力很大 。周渝派出部将黄盖,带领一支火攻船队,直驶曹军水寨,假装去投降。船上装满了饱浸油类的芦苇和干柴,外边围着布幔加以伪装,船头上插着旗帜。驶在最前头的是十艘冲锋战船。这十艘船行至江心,黄盖命令各船张起帆来,船队前进得更快,逐渐看得见曹军水寨了。这时候,黄盖命令士兵齐声喊道:“黄盖来降!”曹营中的官兵,听说黄盖来降,都走出来伸着脖子观望。曹兵不辨真伪,毫无准备。黄盖的船队距离曹操水寨只有二里路了。这时黄盖命令“放火!”号令一下,所有的战船一齐放起火来,就象一条火龙,直向曹军水寨冲去。东南风愈刮愈猛,火借风力,风助火威,曹军水寨全部着火。“连环战船”一时又拆不开,火不但没法扑灭,而且越烧越盛,一直烧到江岸上。只见烈焰腾空,火光烛天,江面上和江岸上的曹军营寨,陷入一片火海之中。 孙、刘联军把曹操的大队人马歼灭了,把曹军所有的战船都烧毁了。在那烟火弥漫之中,曹操率领着残兵败将,向华容 (今湖北省监利县西北)小道撤退。不料,途中又遇上狂风暴雨,道路泥泞难行。曹操只好命令所有老弱残兵,找来树枝杂草,铺在烂泥路上,让骑兵通过。可是那些老弱残兵,被人马挤倒,受到践踏,又死掉了不少。后来,他只得留下一部分军队防守江陵和襄阳,自己率领残部退回北方去了。 赤壁之战,东风起了很大作用,唐朝诗人杜牧有两句名诗道:“东风不与周郎便,铜雀春深锁二乔。”意思是多亏老天爷把东风借给了周瑜,使他能方便行事,否则孙策的老婆大乔和周瑜的老婆小乔会被曹操掳到铜雀台去了。京剧《群英会》中,曹操有句唱词:“我只说十一月东风少见。”显然后悔自己对气象判断失误,吃了大
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