163.核武器的杀伤破坏因素主要有哪些?

2024-12-02 22:06:02
推荐回答(3个)
回答1:

核武器的杀伤破坏因素

核武器的杀伤破坏因素有光辐射,冲击波,早期核辐射,核电磁脉冲核放射性沾染等5种.前4种是在核爆炸最初的几十秒产生的瞬时杀伤破坏因素.放射性沾染可以持续几个月,几年或更长的时间.
1, 光辐射
光辐射(又称热辐射),是爆炸时的闪光及高温火球辐射出来的强光和热.具有大量热能,直接照射无隐蔽人员会造成烧伤.如果用眼睛看核爆炸的火球,会造成眼底烧伤.在爆炸中心附近人员吸入被光辐射加热的空气,会造成呼吸道烧伤.光辐射能引起大面积火灾,烧坏物体,同时造成人员的间接烧伤.
2, 冲击波
冲击波是核爆炸时产生的高速高压气浪.它对人员,物体能够造成挤压,抛掷作用.挤压作用造成严重内伤,如肺,胃,肝,脾出血破裂核骨折.冲击波可造成建筑物倒塌,人员间接伤害及堵塞交通.
3, 早期核辐射
早期核辐射(又贯穿辐射),是核武器所特有的一种杀伤破坏因素.形成早期核辐射是爆炸最初十几秒钟内放射出来的人眼看不见的射线.作用于人体时无特殊感觉,能破坏人的组织细胞,使人得急性放射病.早期核辐射能使光学玻璃变暗,胶卷暴光,化学药品失效,并能影响电子仪器性能.早期核辐射一方面能穿透各种物质,另一方面又会被各种物质消弱吸收.例如1米厚的土层或0.7米厚的钢筋混凝土能使早期核辐射消弱到原来的1%
4, 核电磁脉冲
核电磁脉冲是爆炸瞬间产生的一种强电磁波.其作用半径可达几千米,对人员没有直接的杀伤作用,但能消除计算机上储存的信息,使自动控制系统失灵,家用电器受到干扰和破坏.
5, 放射性沾染
核爆炸后,蘑菇状烟云中含有大量放射性灰尘,当烟云随风扩散时,放射性烟尘因重力作用,逐渐降落到地面或其他物体上,形成一个很大的放射性沾染区.放射性沾染程度,不仅受气候象件的影响,同时也与爆炸方式有关,地爆时放射性沾染严重,沾染范围广,持续时间长.放射性灰尘能放出对人体有害的射线.处于沾染区的人员,或在沾染区外接触了从沾染区撤出的受染人员和各种物品,会受到射线的体外照射,使皮肤灼伤.若受沾染的物质进入体内,其体内的照射对人员的伤害要比体外照射严重得多,因此应尽量防止由于呼吸和饮食造成放射性沾染.

回答2:

核武器的杀伤破坏因素有光辐射,冲击波,早期核辐射,核电磁脉冲核放射性沾染等5种

回答3:

开始的冲击波
后来的辐射

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