鲁迅〔1881年9月25日～1936年10月19日〕，中国文学家、思想家和革命家。原 名周树人，字豫才，浙江绍兴人。出身于破落封建家庭。青年时代受进化论、尼采超人哲学和托尔斯泰博爱思想的影响。1902年去日本留学，原在仙台医学院学医， 后从事文艺工作，企图用以改变国民精神。1905—1907年，参加革命党人的活动， 发表了《摩罗诗力说》、《文化偏至论》等论文。期间曾回国奉母命结婚，夫人朱 安。1909年，与其弟周作人一起合译《域外小说集》，介绍外国文学。同年回国， 先后在杭州、绍兴任教。辛亥革命后，曾任南京临时政府和北京政府教育部部员、 佥事等职，兼在北京大学、女子师范大学等校授课。1918年5月，首次用“鲁迅”的笔名，发表中国现代文学史上第一篇白话小说《狂人日记》，奠定了新文学运动的 基石。五四运动前后，参加《新青年》杂志工作，成为“五四”新文化运动的主将。 1918年到1926年间，陆续创作出版了小说集《呐喊》、《彷徨》、论文集《坟》、 散文诗集《野草》、散文集《朝花夕拾》、杂文集《热风》、《华盖集》、《华盖 集续编》等专集。其中，1921年12月发表的中篇小说《阿Q正传》，是中国现代文学 史上的不朽杰作。1926年8月，因支持北京学生爱国运动，为北洋军阀政府所通缉， 南下到厦门大学任中文系主任。1927年1月，到当时的革命中心广州，在中山大学任 教务主任。1927年10月到达上海，开始与其学生许广平同居。1929年，儿子周海婴 出世。1930年起，先后参加中国自由运动大同盟、中国左翼作家联盟和中国民权保 障同盟，反抗国民党政府的独裁统治和政治迫害。从1927年到1936年，创作了历史 小说集《故事新编》中的大部分作品和大量的杂文，收辑在《而已集》、《三闲集》、 《二心集》、《南腔北调集》、《伪自由书》、《准风月谈》、《花边文学》、 《且介亭杂文》、《且介亭杂文二编》、《且介亭杂文末编》、《集外集》和《集 外集拾遗》等专集中。鲁迅的一生，对中国文化事业作出了巨大的贡献：他领导、 支持了“未名社”、“朝花社”等文学团体；主编了《国民新报副刊》〔乙种〕、 《莽原》、《语丝》、《奔流》、《萌芽》、《译文》等文艺期刊；热忱关怀、积 极培养青年作者；大力翻译外国进步文学作品和介绍国内外著名的绘画、木刻；搜 集、研究、整理大量的古典文学，编著《中国小说史略》、《汉文学史纲要》，整 理《嵇康集》，辑录《会稽郡故书杂录》、《古小说钩沈》、《唐宋传奇录》、 《小说旧闻钞》等等。1936年10月19日因肺结核病逝于上海，上海民众上万名自发 举行公祭、送葬，葬于虹桥万国公墓。1956年，鲁迅遗体移葬虹口公园，毛泽东为 重建的鲁迅墓题字。1938年出版《鲁迅全集》〔二十卷〕。中华人民共和国成立后， 鲁迅著译已分别编为《鲁迅全集》〔十卷〕，《鲁迅译文集》〔十卷〕，《鲁迅日 记》〔二卷〕，《鲁迅书信集》，并重印鲁迅编校的古籍多种。1981年出版了《鲁 迅全集》〔十六卷〕。北京、上海、绍兴、广州、厦门等地先后建立了鲁迅博物馆、 纪念馆等。鲁迅的小说、散文、诗歌、杂文共数十篇〔首〕被选入中、小学语文课 本。小说《祝福》、《阿Q正传》、《药》等先后被改编成电影。
Zhou Zuoren
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Zhou Zuoren (Chinese: 周作人; pinyin: Zhōu Zùorén; Wade-Giles: Chou Tso-jen) (16 January 1885-6 May 1967) was a Chinese writer, primarily known as an essayist and a translator. He was the younger brother of Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren), the third of four brothers.
Born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, he was educated at the Jiangnan Naval Academy as a teenager. Following the steps of his brother Lun Xun, he left for Japan to pursue his study in 1906. During his stint in Japan, he began studying Ancient Greek, with the aim of translating the Gospels into Classical Chinese, and attended lectures on Chinese philology by Zhang Binglin, although he was supposed to study civil engineering there. He returned to China in 1911, with his Japanese wife, and began to teach in different institutions.
Writing essays in vernacular Chinese for the influential magazine La Jeunesse, Zhou was a key figure in the May Fourth Movement. His short essays, with their refreshing style, have won him many readers since then up to the present day. An avid reader, he called his studies "miscellanies", and penned an essay title "My Miscellaneous Studies" (我的杂学). He was particularly interested in folklore, anthropology and natural history. One of his favorite writers was Havelock Ellis. He was also a prolific translator, producing translations of classical Greek and classical Japanese literatures. Most of his translations are pioneering, which include a collection of Greek mimes, Sappho's lyrics, Euripides' tragedies, Kojiki, Shikitei Sanba's Ukiyoburo, Sei Shōnagon's Makura no Sōshi and a collection of Kyogen. He considered his translation of Lucian's Dialogues, which he finished late in his life, as his greatest literary achievement. He was also the first one to translate (from English) the story Ali Baba into Chinese (known as Xianü Nu 侠女奴).
In 1945, after the Second Sino-Japanese War, Zhou was arrested for treason by the Nationalist government of Chang Kai-shek, stemming from his alleged collaboration with the Japanese during their occupation. Zhou was sentenced to 14 years in Nanjing Prison, but was released in 1949 by the Communist government after a pardon. Later that year he returned to Beijing. He continued to write and translate, but published his works under pseudonyms. He died during the Cultural Revolution.
[edit] References
A great number of books about Zhou Zuoren are published in Chinese every year. For basic information about his life and works, see:
Zhang Juxiang 张铁荣 and Zhang Tierong 张菊香 (ed.s) (1986). Zhou Zuoren yanjiu ziliao (周作人硏究资料 "Materials for the study of Zhou Zuoren"). 2 volumes. Tianjin: Tianjin renmin chubanshe.
For an English language study, see:
Daruvala, Susan (2000). Zhou Zuoren and An Alternative Chinese Response to Modernity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.
Comprehensive editions of his works and translations include:
Zhi'an 止庵 (ed.) (2002). Zhou Zuoren zibian wenji (周作人自编文集 "Zho Zuroen's essays as arranged by himself"). 34 volumes. Shijiazhuang: Hebei jiaoyu chubanshe.
Zhong Shuhe 钟叔河 (ed.) (1998). Zhou Zuoren wen leibian (周作人文类编 "Zhou Zuoren's essays as arranged by subject matter"). 10 volumes. Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe.
Zhou Zhouren (1999-). Kuyuzhai yicong (苦雨斋译丛 "Translations done at the Studio of Uninterrupted Rain"). 12 volumes have appeared. Beijing: Zhongguo duiwai fanyi chuban gongsi.
Some of his essays are available in English:
Pollard, David (trans.) (2006). Zhou Zuoren, Selected Essays. Chinese-English bilingual edition. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_zuoren
http://wiki.w2n.net/pages/Zhou_Zuoren.w2n
http://mclc.osu.edu/rc/pubs/zhou.htm
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