如何区分主谓一致中的语法和意义原则

主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致,句子的主语是第三人称单数时,其谓语需用单数形式；主语是复数时,则谓语动词用其复数形式.一、主谓一致的三原则 英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则.这三个原则常常发生矛盾,当发生冲突时,意义一致原则则为优先考虑的原则.1、语法一致原则 主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式.例：Mr. Black is a well-know scientist on AIDS.布莱克先生是著名的艾滋病科学家.These books are intended for children under nine years old.这些书是专门为九岁以下的儿童设计的.2、意义一致原则 所谓意义一致原则是指谓语动词的变化是以主语表达的单、复数概念而定的.例：Three moths has passed since you left.(three months表示单数概念.）自你走后已有三个月了The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.(教授与作家是同一个人,是单数.）这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告.The old are very well taken care of in our city.(the old是指所有老年人,指一类人,是复数概念.）老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好.3、就近原则 就近原则是指谓语动词的变化是以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定.例：Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.(根据靠近谓语的主语he而定.）他父母和他本人都不是银行职员.Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home.(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定.）不是杰克二十他父母应为这个家庭事故负责.
二、单一主语的情况 单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语.其主语与谓语一致情况如下.1、不定代词作主语⑴不定代词作主语 不定代词either,neither,each,one,the other,another,someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,everyone,everybody ,everything,nothing,no one,nothing等作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例：Someone has parked the car in the way.有人把车停在了路上,挡住了去路.注意：none作主语时如果指人或可数的物,指数目,谓语动词单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数指量,谓语动词用单数.例：None of the students has\have made mistakes this time.这次没有一个学生犯错误.Jimmy has used up all the money.None is left.吉米把所有的钱都用光了,一点没留.⑵neither\either of…作主语 neither\either of+复数名词或复数形式的代词,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数.例：Either of the two stories is \ are interesting.这两个故事都很有趣.Neither of us has \ have received postcards this Christmas.今年圣诞节我们两人谁也没收到贺卡.⑶the other two(…）等短语作主语 the other two(…）,the other three(…）,another two(…）,both等作主语,谓语动词用复数.例：I keep only one apple for myself,and the other two are yours.我只留了一个苹果,另外两个给你.Five people come to help,but anther three were still needed.已经有五个人来帮忙了,但我们还需要另外三个.I'm very delighted that both are what we need.我们很高兴两个都是我们所需要的.⑷all作主语指人时,谓语动词用富士,指物时常用单数.例：All are present besides the professor.所有的人都出席了,包括All is going on very well.一切顺利.⑸each修饰的名词作主语 由each修饰的名词作主语,each谓语复数主语后或主语前,不影响谓语动词的数例：Each student has a walkman which helps them improve their listening.每个学生都有一个单放机,这对提高他们的听力大有帮助.⑹such作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定.2、集合名词作主语⑴谓语动词只能用复数的情况 有些集体名词,如people,cattle,police等形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动词需用复数.⑵谓语动词单复数皆可的情况 集合名词,如audience（观众）,army,class,crew（船员）等作主语时,若作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数；若着眼于组成该集体的一个个成员或个体时,谓语就该用复数.⑶表示国家、民族的名词作主语的情况 有些以-sh,-ese,-ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义,谓语动词用复数