推荐回答(2个)
答:施肥方法有两种,即土壤施肥和叶面施肥。
(1)土壤根际施肥
柑橘是深根系作物,根主要分布在60厘米左右的深度,更多的根系分布在15~40厘米的深度。施肥的位置应在树冠外围滴水线下的土壤施肥,因吸收根分布在树冠外缘的土层中,并注意东西南北对称轮换施肥位置。施肥一般施于15~40厘米深处为好,并随着树冠扩大,施肥穴逐渐往外移。
①施肥方式:幼树挖环状沟施肥,成年结果树多挖条状沟施肥,梯地台面窄的果树挖放射状沟施肥。沟的深度:追肥宜浅,挖10~20厘米;基肥宜深,挖30~40厘米。沟宽30~40厘米,长度以树冠大小而定,一般1米左右,沟底要平,肥料施入沟中,待吸干后再行盖土。
②有机肥料和化肥混合施用:有机肥料和化肥混合施用,肥效长短结合,充分发挥肥效,同时,有机质分解产生的腐殖质有吸附铵、钾、镁、钙、铁等离子的能力,可减少化肥的损失。特别是氮肥应和有机肥混合深施,使根群易于吸收,并防止土壤固定或流失。
果园大量施用有机肥,可改良土壤物理特性,提高土壤肥力,改善土壤深层结构,有利根系生长,不易出现缺素症。植株生长的旺盛季节,对营养的要求高,化肥做追肥使用,能及时提供给植株需要的养分,保证柑橘正常生长发育。
土壤施肥需根据具体条件灵活掌握,雨前或大雨时不宜施肥,雨后初晴应抢时间施肥;雨季肥料干施,旱季灌水施肥或施肥后随即灌水。砂性土壤保肥保水能力差,应勤施肥薄施肥,并且要浅施;质地黏重的土壤可重施肥,深浅结合,并要保持表层土壤疏松;红壤山地应深施肥,采用条施或沟施的方法,既改良了土壤,又可引根系向深层发育,有利于抗旱和抗寒。在柑橘发根盛期(一般为6~7月)结合促进根系发育可浅施氮肥,如果此时深施浓肥反而会引起新根截断过多和烧伤新根。由于氮素施入土壤后易于流失,因此氮肥宜施在柑橘根系的主要分布深度,且一次用量不宜太多。
(2)根外追肥
柑橘若微量元素缺乏症、根部生长不良、引起叶色褪绿、树势太弱及保花保果、结果太多,暂时脱肥等都可以采用根外追肥,补充根部追肥的不足。根据柑橘在不同生育时期对营养的需要,以土壤施肥为主,配合根外追肥。综合各地经验,将根外追肥综述如下。
开花前,喷施0.5%尿素和2%过磷酸钙及2%硫酸钾的混合液,可提高开花结实率。花期喷0.1%硼酸或硼砂加0.3%~0.4%尿素混合液,或喷施1%~2%过磷酸钙加10毫克/千克的2,4-D溶液,可使开花结果良好。谢花后春梢叶片转绿时,喷0.4%~0.5% 的尿素加0.2%~0.3%磷酸二氢钾,可减少幼果脱落,提高坐果率。在幼果膨大期,喷施0.3%的尿素、3%过磷酸钙、0.5%~1%硫酸钾,可促进果实增长。还可喷施2%石灰水,减轻果实日灼病和增加钙素。采果前1~2日喷1%~2%过磷酸钙浸出液2~3次,15~20天1次,可降低果实柠檬酸的含量,增加含糖量,改善品质。冬季喷施0.3%~0.5%磷酸二氢钾或3%过磷酸钙,可促进花芽形成,增加花数。幼年树各次抽梢后,可以喷施0.3%尿素。8月停止根部氮素供应后,喷2%~3%过磷酸钙,加2%硫酸钾或3%~5%草木灰,促进枝条生长充实,为来年提早结果贮藏营养物质。
实践证明,在进行根外追肥的同时,结合喷施生长素,可以取得更好的保花保果和果实生长的良好效果。福建结合根外追肥,在幼果期喷10毫克/千克的2,4-D或50~100毫克/千克萘乙酸2次,可提高坐果率1.94%~14.07%。果实膨大期,喷10~20毫克/千克的2,4-D溶液3次,果径增大0.44厘米。湖北对温州蜜柑橘谢花3/4时,喷施50毫克/千克“九二○”比对照提高着果率4倍。四川重庆柑橘园谢花期喷0.5%尿素和5~10毫克/千克2,4-D,生理落果期喷0.2%尿素和15~20毫克/千克2,4-D,15~20天喷1次,共喷2次,可提高着果率。四川在锦橙花芽分化期喷400毫克/千克“九二○”,对花芽分化起着显著的抑制作用。因此,对生长不正常,存在大小年的柑橘园,在大年花芽分化盛期,喷200~600毫克/千克“九二○”,抑制花芽分化;小年谢花后喷50~100毫克/千克“九二○”,可提高着果率,从而取得克服大小年的一定效果。
根外追肥和喷生长素,应掌握适宜浓度和用量,过浓过多都会引起肥(药)害或其他副作用,过低过少效果不佳。目前生产上肥料和生长素使用的浓度见表9-6。
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表9-6 肥料和生长素使用的浓度
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表9-6 肥料和生长素使用的浓度(续)-1
几年的树?山地还是田地?有多少面积?亩植多少?我要知道你的这些数据才能给你回复
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