主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料(或所读材料片断)中心思想的概括。做这类题时,考生应通读全文,把握文章大意或中心思想,同时注意文章的主题句,因为主题句表达中心思想,其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方,但位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)也是完全可能的。主旨大意题的考查形式很多,如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。请看下面一个段落:
In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.
◎What is the subject discussed in the text?
A. The writer’s unhappy school life
B. The writer’s eagerness to earn money
C. The writer’s experience as a full-time worker
D. The writer’s hard work in an apple plant
原文共有五个自然段,上面摘录的只是文章的第1个自然段,但是如果考生训练有素的话,只要读完这个段落就可猜出此题的答案了。因为文章第一句说In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget,接着作者用but引出一个新的情况(即主题句):none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. 再接下来又说: The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. 聪明的读者至此应该可以猜测到,下面的几个段落肯定是介绍这个apple plant 的work是如何的hard,它的pay是如何的poor,它的working conditions 是如何的terrible 等。比较四个选项,只有选项D所表述内容合乎上面的分析,故选D。
事实细节题
顾名思义,事实细节题即指针对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题。事实细节题的命题方法很多,如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时,一个常用的方法就是运用定位法,即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子,与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换或简单换算)。请看下面一道事实细节题:
Tuition Fees(学费)
Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui@waikato.ac.nz
Accommodation(住宿)
You can have a room in a 4-bedrcom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: ave@walkato.ac.nz
◎You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.
A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000
根据Tuition fees一节的内容可知,一年的学费最低为5,000美元,再根据Accommodation(住宿)一节可知,除学费外,还有住宿费(每月100美元)和生活费(每月150美元),即一年大约共3,000美元,所以在WaiKato大学读书一年至少要花费5,000+3,000=8,000美元,故答案为B。
代词指代题
这类题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义,它主要考查考生在一定语境中对上下文逻辑关系的正确理解。做这类题时,考生不仅要读懂相关句子的句意,理顺相关句子的逻辑关系,而且还要学会合理变通,尤其要学会变通理解其中的同义表达。请看下面一个片断和一个道词义猜测题:
Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable(可以预见的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves(涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.
What does the underlined word “this” refer to?
A. Great contributions to the society.
B. Long-time study of the subject matter.
C. Various statements about problem solving.
D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.
此题答案选B。答案的直接依据是文章中的Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this 这两句话。从句意和句子结构上看,this在此指代的应是they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time,比较四个选项,只有B与之吻合,因为选项中的long-time与原文中的over fairly long periods of time属同义表达,选项中的study of the subject matter 与原文中的devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem属同义表达。
词义猜测题
即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点,同学们应引起充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多,常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法、基本构词法、语境理解法、举例说明法、常识背景法、类属分析法等。请看下面一道词义猜测题:
More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure(压力) from work, almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care.
The underlined word “survey” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.
A. research B. review C. exhibition D. examination
此题答案选A。比较四个选项,同时结合常识,文中所提到的事实和数据应该是“调查和研究”得出的(其他几个选项可排除)。
推理判断题
即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上,作出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题,做这类题目时,同学们应严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气等,找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语,然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断,从而得出符合逻辑的结论。此时应特别注意:当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时,不要误认为是在问“你”(考生)的想法,而是作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点。请看下面一个段落:
Now the task I face in harvesting the fruit is twofold: First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head, and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw(缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize so dearly won. I found two full-blown white roses completely hidden as I picked tomatoes in June, but they were weak and the leaves already yellow for lack of light.
By saying “the prize so dearly won” in paragraph 5, the writer wants to ______.
A. show the difficulty in picking the tomatoes
B. show the hardship of growing the roses
C. express her liking for the roses
D. express her care for the tomatoes
本文大意讲的是作者在春天偶然栽种的一棵西红柿长成后非常大,影响到园中的玫瑰花,作者在享受西红柿美味的同时,又难以割舍珍贵的玫瑰花,面对两种选择,作者举棋不定。
此题要求考生推测作者说the prize so dearly won的意图,属推理判断题。此题答案选A,其推理依据主要有以下几点:一是作者在第1句用了 the task一词,将摘西红柿看成是一项“任务”;二是作者在三个地方用了have to,表示摘西红柿不容易;三是作者还用了stand on my head, reach down and under…等夸张性用词,充分说明了摘西红柿的难度。比较四个选项,显然只有选项A最佳。
请再看一道高考真题实例:
Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father. “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead.”
Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why.
Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead?
A. He was driving at great speed.
B. He was running across the street.
C. He didn’t have his safety belt on.
D. He didn’t take his medicine on time.
一、阅读理解主要题型
英语“阅读理解”题主要是考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力,包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评估能力等。试题中所选的阅读文章题材多样化,涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史地理、科学技术等各个方面。体裁多样化,包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格等各种文体。它要求考生阅读理解准确率高、阅读速度快。大致来说,主要针对如下方面:
1.文章的个别词或句子;2.文章的某细节或情节;3.文章的主题;4.文章的背景知识;5.文章的结论或结局;6.文章内涵的隐义或寓意等。主要是考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力,包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评估能力等。
具体来讲主要有以下几种题型:
(一)、直接理解性题目
这种题目比较简单,只要通读全文,了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节,就可以解答出来,有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。
(二)、语义理解性题目
题目要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关的上下文,甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。
(三)、逻辑推理性题目
这种题目有一定难度,往往不能直接从文中找到答案,而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后,才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理,才能获得正确答案。
(四)、归纳概括性题目
要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章作出归纳、概括或评价。解这种题目时,不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义,比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题,都需要在细读全文的基础上,结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、科学专业知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断,从而获取文章中内隐的信息
二、学会做好英语阅读题
英语阅读,最关键的是集中注意力。如果在阅读时注意力集中不起来,那么上下文的理解,之间的因果联系,还有时间关系就把握不清楚,而且关系印象也不深刻,在做题时,往往又要倒回去再阅读,这样不仅会占用很多时间,而且信息不是很准确。最好第一次阅读时,注意力集中一点儿,把关键的东西印在脑子里,做起题来就会得心应手。碰到一个词或几个词不懂时,不要慌,这对于整篇文章的影响不会很突出。有一个方法,可以看后面的题目,也许题目中可以体现作者的倾向,或者在题目中给予了一定的提示。另外,在阅读时碰到时间、地点、人物等重要的句子,可以在自己脑中强调一下,再做后面的设问时就比较轻松了。如果碰到模棱两可的题,凭自己的感觉感受一下,如果感觉合理就选,不要花过多时间去琢磨,英语题量大,特别是阅读题量很大,一个题花太多时间会影响整体效果,如果对答案很难确定,就不要太重视,尽量平衡地追求普遍意义上的正确性,要尽量把整个阅读题做好,而不要在一道题上花太多时间。
阅读理解题的特点是题量大、分值高、题型多。考生应了解题型特点,根据不同题型采用不同的解题技巧。笼统来讲,对比较容易的文章可以采用“顺读法”;而对于那些一上来就感到有些难度的文章可以采用“逆读法”,先对答题选项浏览一遍,然后再去看文章本身,带着问题去阅读,这样做便于排除多余信息,集中专注力,增强针对性和准确性。
在看懂文章和题目的前提下,注重分析考题意向:
判断推理题,要仔细揣摩作者思路,忠实原文,不要用自己的观点来代替作者原意。
猜测词义题,在通篇理解的基础上,仔细分析画线词句与上下文的联系,发现合乎相关意义的选项。注意,画线词句与上下文的某些词句通常会有定义、解释、同义词、反义词或同等、同位关系。
事实细节题,按要求,仔细阅读,发现特定信息,寻找所需细节。
图形识别题,主要有三种形式:简易地图——考查考生方位感;人体实物图——考查考生根据文字叙述进行形象再造能力;仪器仪表统计图表——考查考生基本的读图、读数、读表能力。
另外,还有一种是针对文章的主题、中心思想、标题和目的而设的题目
1.每天都接触,每天两三篇
2.先看问题,再看文章,并把标出答案所在的地方,标上题号,这样可以减少错误率
3.做错的题目要重新看,找出正确答案所在处
4.课本的单词一定要掌握,另外,阅读中经常出现的词语也要知道,这样做的时候就不至于连文章说什么也不知道了
5.尽量不同方面的题材都涉及到,比如故事,科学,经济等.
我做阅读的体会是,先看第一段或前两段,然后做题,不要全看,有时浪费时间,万一见到没读过的地方再一点一点找,效果不错,错也就3个以里
阅读理解是历年高考命题中难度最大、分值比例最高的题,一般要求学生在30~35分钟内完成5篇不同题材、体裁的短文的理解。每题2分,共计20小题,总分40分,属客观题部分。主要目的是用来测试学生对一篇大概300字的书面英语的理解能力,即在阅读中准确地获取信息的能力以及推断材料隐含意义的能力。分析近几年来全国以及各省的高考英语试题,发现阅读理解部分的主要特点是:网页链接