现在分词和过去分词的问题

1.done是过去分词， having been done是现在分词完成时的被动语态。两个都可以表示“完成＋被动。”但作状语时，having been done表示该动作发生在主句动作之前； 而done则不强调这层含义；
例如：
Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.
Not having been invited, he felt very unhappy.
（分词完成式的被动语态(having been done)强调分词动作先于谓语动词）
Killed, she couldn't stop her blood from going chilled.
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
（过去分词也表示被动，但没有强调动作先后的含义）

2. done可作定语而having been done一般不作定语。
The concert given by the symphony orchesta was a great success.
They are problems left over by history.
完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如：
我们一般不说：The girl having won the race is my deskmate.
而常这样说：The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.
但非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如：
Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。
Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London. 在巴黎呆过多年，查理决定重返伦敦。
The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。 (The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)

3. 如果分词是短暂动词，那么该分词完成式所表示的动作往往是在谓语动作之前发生过多次，请看例句：
　　(1)Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.
妙语点睛：
　　分词完成式having been bitten在谓语动作refused之前已经重复过两次，即分词完成式用于短暂动作时往往会体现出重复性的特点。

正如你所说的 动词现在分词一般表主动 过去分词一般表被动 但是过去分词表被动的用法有所限制 ：他表示的动作是在谓语动词之前发生The building built last year is a hospital now 或没有一定时间性I hate to see letters writenin pencil 而要表与谓语动词动作同时发生且正在进行的动作 则用现在分词被动式 （有时也表示分词动作在谓语动词之前完成 ）The building being built is to be a hospital.