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The model pipeline test section is a 20-ft-long, ½in.-outer diameter (0.38-in.-inner-diameter)
管道测试样品段长20英尺，外径为½英寸（内径0.38英寸）
stainless steel tubing (the hori-zontal bold blue line in the diagram) with a ball valve at the inlet
为不锈钢管（图中的水平粗体蓝线），在进口及出口（出口阀1）带有一个球形阀。
and outlet (Outlet Valve 1). The test section is jacketed in insulated PVC tubing capped at
测试段用绝缘的PVC管做护套，在两端封头
both ends and sealed with heat resistant glue. At the front end, the pipeline is connected to a
用耐热胶密封。在前端，管道连接到一个¼的十字接头上，
¼in. cross with outlets to vacuum, atmosphere, and a Ruska pump. At the back end, an
此接头出口连接到真空，大气，及一个Ruska泵上。在后端，
extension to Outlet Valve 2 provides ample space for the gel to break into. A ½in. T connector
出口阀2的延伸部分提供了足够的空间以便胶体接入。一个½英寸的T型连接器把测试段连接到
connects the test section to a vacuum line and the feed section. The Sample Feed Inlet and
一条真空管及供应段上。样品供应进口及
Atmosphere Outlet Valves (Valves 3 and 8) are connected to flex-ible ¼in. plastic tubing.
大气出口阀（阀3及8）连接到柔软的¼塑料管上。
An absolute pressure transducer installed on the pump line reads the front end pressure,
泵管路安装一个绝对压力传感器读取前端压力，
while a differential pressure (dP) transducer connected to the inlet and outlet ends of the pipe
同时管路的进口及出口端连接一个微分压力传感器
gives the differential pressure across the entire system. During elevated system pressure
来使微分压力贯串整个系统。在提升系统压力测试期间，
tests, the dP transducer reads approximately zero, indicating equal pressure applied at pipe
微分压力传感器读数近似为零，说明进口及出口的压力相等
inlet and outlet while the absolute pressure transducer indicates the true system pressure.
同时绝对压力传感器显示真实的系统压力。
However, during gel break, dP increases as pressure is applied with mineral oil from the Ruska
然而，胶体断开期间，当压力与从管路进口的Ruska 泵出来的矿物油同时应用时微分压力升高，
pump at the pipe inlet, and, once the pressure wave reaches the pipe outlet, dP begins to
并且，一旦压力波达到管路出口，微分压力开始下降，
drop, indicating gel break. A high-pressure accumulator with a metal disk sealed with an O-ring
说明胶体断开。一个带有一个金属盘并用一个O型圈密封的高压积累器用于提升压力测试。
was used for elevated pressure tests. Nitrogen gas was applied below the disk, which, in turn,
氮气作用于圆盘上，
compressed the mineral oil above it without any mixing effects (Fig. 3). A needle valve
圆盘依次压它上面的矿物油而不产生任何混合性影响（图3）。
connected to the nitrogen gas tank allowed very slow bleeding of the system at the end of
针形阀连接氮气罐，每次测试在端部允许系统非常缓慢的流动
each test. The choice of pressurizing with mineral oil rather than directly with nitrogen gas
选择用矿物油增压比直接用氮气要好
stemmed from the fact that nitrogen gas caused foaming to occur in the system and
事实上氮气能引起系统内部泡沫
complicated the bleeding process.
及流动过程复杂化。
Cooling and heating was achieved in the experimental setup with the programmable Julabo
带有可编程的JulaboF25冷藏循环器的实验装置内可以实现冷却及加热
F25 Refrigerated Circulator, which circulated water in the annulus between the PVC tubing
PVC管和样品管之间的环面内的循环器的循环水在内部循环
and the model pipe laying in it. Two thermocouples, one at the front end and another at the
两个热电偶，一个在管的前端，另一个在后端，
back end of the pipe, gave average temperatures in the system.
提供系统内的均匀温度。
The vacuum outlets served for three purposes: (1) to clear the pipe of model waxy crude used
真空出口有三个目的：（1）清理上次实验中使用的样品管内的蜡质物
in a previous experiment, (2) to load the pipeline at the beginning of each experiment, and (3)
（2）每次试验开始时的管路加载，以及（3）
to clear the sections behind the Inlet Valve and the Outlet Valve 1 and fill them with mineral oil.
清理进口阀及出口阀1后面的部分，并且用矿物油填充。

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