定语从句that和which和who和whose和whom用法的区分

which that 可以引导定语从句，并且都可以在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。
which指代的先行词只能是物，that指代的先行词既可以是物，也可以是人。

在下列三种情况下只能用which，不能用that：
1、紧跟在介词后面。如：
This is the very pen, with which I have written many articles.
2、which后面有插入语。如：
This is the gramma book which, as I have told you, will improve your English.
3、引导非限制性定语从句。如：
She has a house, which was built last year.

但在下列六种情况下只能用that：
1、先行词有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，必用that。如：
It is the first shop that lies at the foot of the mountain.
2、在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that。如：
All that haven't been done must be done at once.
3、先行词既有人，又有物时，只用that。如：
We finally saw the school and teachers that we haven't seen for nearly ten years.
4、在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。如：
There is a ruler that is made of wood.
5、先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。如：
Lucy is the only girl that comes from America.
6、 关系代词在从句中作表语并带有类比含义时， 通常只用that， 不用which. 如：
He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。

who只能指代人，在从句中作主语或宾语（但不能用在介词后面，介词后面只能用whom）。
I saw a man who is a teacher.我看见一个当老师的人。

whom也只能指代人，在从句中只能作宾语。
I saw a man pass by with whom was a lovely dog.我看见一个男人从我身边走过，跟它在一起的是一条可爱的狗。

whose在从句中只能作定语，修饰某个名词，这个名词可以是人，也可以是物。如：
I saw a house whose roof was broken.我看见一座屋顶已经坍塌了的房子。
I met a woman whose dress was very beautiful.我看见一个穿着很好看的裙子的妇女。

who可以指代主句中的人称性质的主语或宾语
whom只能指代主句中的人称性质的宾语
whose是指代主句中的物主代词，象是her,his,their
which和that主要是指代物的，偶尔可以指代人，但是who和whom却不可以指代物

以上几点做高中程度的定语从句应该是没有问题了，关于that和which的替换问题网上有很多，查一下对以后作题很有好处。

以上是我自己的总结，可能不是很全面，请见谅~

that 几乎万能，唯一的例外就是前面不能有介词
whose 指谁的,定物品
e。g。 A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan。
who 指谁，定人物（主语的人）
whom 指谁，定人物 （宾语的人）
which 完全指它，定物品
e。g。 The package which you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.