简述金属工艺学发展历史

2025-03-24 15:09:12
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

唐代铜器,因陶瓷工艺的迅速发展而在某些日用器皿上相对减少,甚至被替

传统景泰蓝工艺
代,但仍获一定发展。像河南洛阳西郊涧河西唐墓出土的铜盘、铜洗和铜灯,内蒙古赤峰唐墓出土的铜碗、铜薰炉、铜勺和铜匕,安徽太和唐墓的铜粉盒、铜灯等,造型轻薄单纯,比较实用。西安博物馆收藏的有唐睿宗景云二年(711)铭文的铜钟,重万余斤,钟身饰有舞狮、翔鹤、云纹、宝相花等纹样。然而此时铜器中最具特色和水平的,要属铜镜。唐代铜镜,庄丽丰满,风采迥异,质纯而精,镜面光亮平滑。由于合金中锡的成分增多,色泽净白如银。早期常见花饰纹样有葡萄海兽纹和云龙纹等;中期葡萄海兽纹渐次减少,鹤衔瑞草纹等图案增多,装饰精美的双鸾衔绶、宝相花缠枝花、狩猎和打马球等镜纹,以及加工特别精致的金银平脱、镶嵌松石和螺钿的花鸟镜,都完成于玄宗开元 (713~741)、天宝(742~756)年间;晚期制作较简略,素镜渐多。唐镜的图案构成,突破了从镜钮到边缘同心圆的层层布局,多应用散点和适合的章法,简练明快,完美和谐。另外还创有多种花式镜,常见的有葵花、菱花等多种形式,并新创无钮有柄手镜,使用更为方便。其装饰技法,除传统的浮雕、浅雕、剔雕外,尚有贴金银、嵌宝石、镀金、彩釉和漆绘等。
宋代的金属工艺是在唐五代的基础上发展而成,已排除了来自波斯萨珊王朝的异国情调,适应城市平民生活的需要,制造了大量富有浓郁生活气息的金属器皿。
宋代金银器已非常发达。皇家所用的金银皿由少府鉴、文思院掌造。据记载都城汴梁已有金银铺,南宋朝廷及王公贵族对金银器的需求有增无减。从记载及考古发掘来看,宋代金银制品多为酒器、茶具和装饰品。1959年,在四川德阳出土了大量宋代银器,除茶酒器具外,还有许多日用器皿。其中一只银盒上刻有双孔雀,外饰缠枝花,精美可爱。南京幕府山北宋中期墓中出土的鸡心形金饰,集镂空、錾刻、掐丝等技艺于一器,说明北宋江宁(今南京)金银制品作工精细,技艺高超。衢州(今浙江省境内)南宋咸淳十年(1274)史绳祖夫妇墓出土的八角形银杯、八卦纹银杯、银梅瓶、银丝盒等都是南宋银器的崭新造型。四川德阳出土的理宗淳九年(1249)孝泉镇银铺打造的银梅瓶、形器、执壶、尊、托杯、壶、刻花盒等器形,锤工整,比例协调,有着恬静舒畅的特点,反映了南宋城镇金银器普遍发展的趋势。

现代金属工艺品
宋代铜器继唐局铸和南唐官铸,又有了一定的发展。日用器皿大量增加,主要有铫、瓶、熨斗、火锹、火筋、火夹、沙锣、匙筋、香炉、帘钩及杯、盘、壶、罐、盒、炉等。造型大都简洁洗练,注重实用性,部分器物的造型与瓷器相似,可能为相互影响的结果。另外,佛像、祭器、乐器等也有一定的生产。宋代铜器工艺中重要的有仿古□器和铜镜两类:①仿古器,在宋代主要充作礼乐和祭祀之器,北宋末年曾大量生产,其器物铸造精工,忠于原器,造型敦朴古雅,对后世仿古器的生产有一定影响。②铜镜,因需求量大而大量生产,成为铜器行业中的主要产品。宋代铜镜注重实用,不崇华侈,器体轻薄,装饰简洁,形状仍以圆形为主,亦有方形、亚字形、弧形、菱形、四方圆角式、菱角形及带柄等多种形式。背面多铸有花鸟、虫鱼、走兽、人物、故事、佛道、山水、楼阁、船舶、祥瑞、四灵、十二生肖、八卦、星象、字、摩竭、铭抨等图案纹饰,亦有光素无纹者。图案处理常采取隐起、阳线并用,以线的韵律、节奏来增强纹饰的起伏与重量,克服了因体薄而造成的轻浮单调的感觉。其中的动植物图案,形象准确,姿态生动,构图丰富多变。山水人物图案的构图处理富有绘画效果。宋代铜镜多产于湖州、临安(在今浙江省)、饶州、吉州、抚州(在今江西省)、成都(今四川省)等地。
辽代的金属工艺,既受波斯萨珊王朝的影响,又继承了唐代的传统,并根据本民族的生活习性而创造了富有特征的金属工艺。如鸡心壶、八角铜镜及鎏金凤冠等。金代的金银器出土甚少,铜镜有四手观音双面镜、观音纹阳燧镜、双兽连珠镜、莲花八乳镜、双鱼镜等。西夏对金属工艺比较重视,设有专门机构掌管,西夏王陵出土有金银器残件以及鎏金铜卧牛等。

现代金属工艺品
在金属工艺发达的基础上,金银工艺也随之发展,在部分铜铁器物上按图案阴槽,填以金、银、丝、块、圈、点等,构成优美的装饰,与原器质地相映成辉,光彩闪烁。
元代金属工艺以金、银、铜、铁、锡为其主要原料,以铸、锤、□、錾、刻、编、累、掐、嵌等技术制成不同用途的日用器物和高级工艺美术品。当时的贵族阶层和酒楼饭庄都普遍使用金、银器。但朝廷对金器如同玉器一样控制极严,只准五品以上官员才能使用金、玉茶酒器。金器工艺以掐、累、镶嵌技术为其尖端,亦称金细工艺。除了以金制成器物之外,还削金为泥,锤□为箔、丝等,用于丝织、漆器、木器的装饰及镀金以饰银铜之器。银器没有金器贵重,在城乡富有者中也普遍使用。银器工艺在技术上与金器相似。见诸著录或款识的金银工匠有朱碧山、谢君余、谢君和、唐俊卿、

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