推荐回答(1个)
潮汕人的生活中处处都有礼俗,其中最有特色的礼俗就是成人礼,而婚礼和葬礼的礼俗是最多的。
葬礼则要经过换寿服、上厅、发讣(报地头)、送终(买水)、入殓(饲生)、成服、祭灵、戴孝、做功德、出殡、安葬、回灵、食“清洁桌”等许多环节,而亲友送纸钱、不同亲属关系的人穿不同颜色的服装、出殡时向路边撒纸钱、发糖圆粒和红丝线给参加葬礼的人以吃甜和辟邪等礼俗就非专业人士无法一一通晓了。
通常在老人将要断气时,应将他移入厅堂。断气后,其亲属必须带上锅钵到江边或泉边,丢下钱币“买”回水。然后用这水为死者举行沐浴礼。接着为死者理发整容,并脱去身上衣服,换上寿衣。一般是男的着双数长衣,女的着单数衣裙。俱是黑鞋白袜,手执手巾、扇子。尸体盖上天地被(即盖棺被),红布面在上,白布面在下。棺被遮面,俗谓死人似虎不让惊吓活人。其实,担心其家属睹人伤情,过分伤心也是一大原因。死者脚尾摆一盏豆油灯,叫做“脚尾灯”。“脚尾灯”据说可以在地府给死者照明引路,所以千万不可吹灭。灯旁置饭一碗,称为“冥饭”,以供死者在阴间享用。
孝服:丧葬时,儿子及媳妇的孝服用麻布制成,无缝边;即古称“斩衰”的。头戴“笋壳”同样用麻布制成。女儿孝服用芋麻布制成拗折缝边,布边在下,古称“齐衰”。头戴“遮头(匚赣)”,用芋麻布制成。孙女头戴“遮头(匚赣)”,用白布制成。上身用白布长五尺二寸,折成四折,斜披在左肩至右胁下,女婿头戴“白头(匚赣)”,穿白长衫,腰系白腰带(俗称腰丝)。腰带束后两头垂在后面。外家(即母舅),同样头戴“白头匮”,穿白长衫,腰束白腰带,腰带两头垂于背后,腰丝用白布制成,长七尺二寸。
报地头:潮汕丧事礼俗,其中一项就是报地头。由村中长者持白灯笼,带领死者男性子孙穿孝服到地头神庙报死。死者长子手扶木盘,盘中放着死者的年庚帖、乌糖、麻丝、香火等物。到庙,长者上香后取出年庚帖,对着神像报告说:“生从地头来,死从地头去,时辰念给老爷知。”接着念出死者生卒年月日辰,享寿多少岁。庙祝依所报享寿数敲钟,一岁一响,每敲一响,长子抽出麻丝一条,凑成一束,系于神座,并送香油钱与庙祝。长者将死者年庚帖焚化后,领死者子孙绕道回门。
大女婿端香炉,大孙子持棍(孝杖)。
葬礼中不同的人有不同的服饰。亲属此时要套上麻衣,背穿,父亡露左臂,母亡露右臂。第四代的子孙带蓝色长帽,五代的子孙就要穿红色的。
买水:潮俗父母死后,报地头后便去买水。孝子孙与报地头装束同样,仍由族长引路,长子端水瓶,瓶插榕树枝。长子右臂挂一竹箍,到河边焚香烧纸毕,将竹箍置水面,水瓶放在竹箍内汲水带回,又另路而回。回到灵堂,用仙草醮水洒于死者脸上,水瓶置死者身边。据说这是给死者在阴间路上之用。
送纸仪:送纸仪即送楮仪。潮俗凡亲朋旧故逝世,在接到讣告后,即送去挽联、轴幅、纸镪等祭悼物品者,均称为纸仪。近代以来,多改送银两、纸币,帮助丧家办理丧事。钱额多少不拘,惟应单数,不能双数。丧家对纸仪均全收后回礼,回礼物品也均单数,有布疋、面巾、糖果等,隆重者或对远方来者,须宴请,俗称食炊饭。
做功德:做功德的时间,简者一天半日,繁者有至百日而后撤灵者。超度仪式,除在灵前念经外,隆重者多在宽敞地方“设厂”(搭棚)举行。请佛教僧尼超度。
超度的节目内容也繁简不同,程序不一,通常以诵灵前经贯串始终。佛道两家都通过唱诵佛曲、法曲宣扬孝道和轮回报应思想。佛家的节目,除在灵前诵经外,还有过桥、礼血盆、撒花、走贡、走五方、沐浴、追荐等。佛堂僧尼做道场所唱经文及演奏乐曲用正宗经文、佛曲,由善社及民间组合的功德班用潮语,除唱诵佛曲外,还唱诵了大量潮语歌文和演奏潮州弦诗曲乐。如在“挨莲池”和“挨塔”过程中唱了《百花名》、《百戏歌》,在“过桥”中唱了《廿四孝歌》、《十月怀胎歌》、《目莲救母歌》等。夜深没那么多佛曲唱,就唱潮曲、奏潮乐,灵前变成音乐会。
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