谁有关于奥运的知识！（英语）急用

　　Olympic movement
　　The Olympic Movement (Olympic Games)

　　Ào lín pǐ kè yùn dòn 132

　　Brief】 【

　　The International Olympic Committee leadership of the international social movement. Olympic as the guiding ideology for the main Olympic sports activities aimed at promoting the comprehensive development, and communication among peoples of mutual understanding in the world, all Olympic and safeguard world peace. A blend of sports, education, culture into an integrated, sustainable and global activities.

　　【Birth of the modern Olympic movement --

　　The Olympic movement started in the European capitalist industrialization era. It is a solid socio-economic, political and cultural foundation as the basis, in keeping with the needs of social development and sports development and the trend of human society into the industrial civilization began with the one of the great social practice, have the following background.

　　Six times

　　1. Three major ideological and cultural movement for the Olympic movement began to lay the ideological foundation. 14-18 century European continent, a three massive ideological and cultural movement, namely : the Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment. Three major ideological and cultural dislocation movement of the Middle Ages people's ideological shackles of feudal yoke, cleared the road of capitalist development on the major ideological obstacles and ushered in the liberation and the talented people and scientific prosperous period. To adapt to the new development of the productive forces and relations of production of new ideas, culture and the new science and art have generated the same time, new sports Modern thinking on January 1 sports thinking appeared.

　　Three major ideological and cultural movement of a large number of great figures with the European dark ages of Christian asceticism tit-for-tat, they denounced asceticism violations of human nature, and that man's desires are legitimate purpose in life, that must be the soul and the harmony between physical, advocated attention to the physical and spiritual unity , focus on physical balance and coordinated development, attach importance to physical health and bodybuilding, people rediscovered the value of sports, recognizing that only the physical health can enjoy a happy life. The rise of such thinking and establishment of traditional moral standards and the beauty and ugliness of the concepts of the fundamental changes to the Olympic movement began to lay the ideological foundation.

　　The three major ideological and cultural campaigns, the humanist identify and collate the ancient Greek sport of the rich heritage, such as the ancient Olympics and other athletic Fete, ancient Athens and Sparta sports sports, the ancient Greek harmonious development of the mental and physical education, sports in ancient Greece means of multi-sports and so on. Humanists believe that the ancient Greek sports with "human nature ', attention to personal happiness, thus vigorous publicity, and in modern sports thinking and practice, inherited legacy of sports in ancient Greece, in large measure, to make modern sports in regular games, a focus on physical development, sports projects within the Capacity and forms have been ancient Greek sports affected.

　　2. Industrial production capitalism and bourgeois way of education for the Olympic movement began to provide the suitable soil. The capitalist industrial revolution to the human society resulting in a series of profound changes, which promote the development of modern science, modern sports with a strong economic foundation to promote sports was stronger vitality. As industrialized society of production and lifestyle gives the physiological, psychological bring about a series of tough challenges, promote efforts to find new, idealistic way of life and physical activity have gained a new understanding. People began to turn their attention to the improvement of the human body itself, from sports to become a new social needs to be further developed.

　　From the Renaissance era, the bourgeoisie educator put sports personnel training an important means to be strongly encouraged, not only to restore the ancient Greek sports system, but also the further development of the physical activity of the various measures and actively campaigns research methods, and strive to enable students to the physical development of a comprehensive sports have become an important, indispensable educational activities. In 1423, the Italian humanist educators Vitorino founded a new school, follow the ancient Greek stadium, known as the "Sports Palace." Implementation of the school sports, both moral and intellectual approach, and launched a variety of sports activities, as the Renaissance era bourgeois education representatives. Vitorino educational thinking and practice sports and promote sports received unprecedented attention, but also the sport as an educational content in school.

　　Reformation and the Enlightenment movement of education explore a more established sports status. Bourgeois Reformation representative Martin-Luther advocated sports should be part of education. Czech educators test Comenius with bourgeois education, the school sports a systematic exposition, and sports a more mature form of the introduction of the school of education. He advocates that schools should be located spacious playgrounds, should engage in extensive activities to encourage students through participation in sports activities so that the physical and psychological development. Kuamenews'Thinking school sports for the development of an important contribution, known as the "Father of school sports." British educator Lockerbie in his "gentleman education" system, the education clearly divided into moral, intellectual, and physical education in three parts, all that physical education is the foundation on which sports a formal school education has become an indispensable part of the independent. French Enlightenment thinkers Rousseau in his book "Love Chemistry," he presented his naturalist ideal of education, he requested the Education and Sports close integration advocated by the natural law of sports education, children of all ages by the different characteristics of stage, and children's interests, hobbies, and sports organizations, Training "mental and physical two Kin" talent.

　　After the 19th century, Britain has embarked on a series of education reform, with Arnold in Wragby College of the most successful reforms. He founded the "Sport of autonomy" system to give full play sports value of the training and education function. Through this reform, Wragby public school students in a dynamic gymnasiums, manage their own, not only tempered the strong physique, but also foster fair competition, and solidarity, complying with the rules, courageous and tenacious moral character and ethos of school discipline is administered so greatly changed. Arnold's reform firmly entrenched in the sports education in the position, established a sports education and social values to the Olympic movement began to provide a suitable soil.

　　3. Ancient Olympic site excavations arouse people to the Olympic movement's yearning. In the 14-16 century Renaissance Movement, the European emerging bourgeoisie warmly praising the spirit of sports in ancient Greece, so that people once again reminiscent of a long vanished ancient Greek Olympics. The ruins of the ancient Olympics attracted people's strong yearning, Britain, France, Germany and other scholars hope to enter Greece in search of the remains of the ancient Olympics, but the Turks blockade, this desire did not materialize.

　　Until 1766, the British scholar Chandler was permitted to enter Greece on-site inspection, he discovered the ruins of the ancient Olympic Games. Support Greece in 1828 against the Turkish invasion of the French corps of scholars in the eye Olympia site excavations, to be followed by a number of precious relics transported to the French Louvre exhibition.

　　On January 10, 1852, Berlin, Germany, a university professor Kuerchiwushi visited the Peloponnese after returning to the publication of the ancient Olympics lengthy speech, caused in the community greater repercussions. In 1871, Germany and Greece reached explore the ancient Olympic sites treaty. 1875-1881, Kuerchiwushi led by the German scholar of Olympia for a six-year excavation. In 1881, the ancient ruins of the main Olympic facilities ago. In 1887, on display in Berlin from Olympia excavated a large number of relics, it has aroused people's vision of the Olympic movement, is expected to return to the Olympic Games as reality.

　　4. The international sports trend to the Olympic movement have created the conditions. 19 half-century, with a free capitalist transition to monopoly capitalism and the world market to formation of inter-ethnic barriers were broken, sports beyond national borders, the emergence of international exchange of sport and competition, forming a sports international trend. As international sports competitions, and the need to exchange some international sport federations have emerged one after another. In 1881 the first international sport federations -- the establishment of the International Gymnastics Federation, in 1892 the International Rowing Federation and the ISU have been established. International sports organizations, so that sporting events from the original local traditional with the international. The single international sports organizations continuously and the establishment of individual international sports competitions flourished on the basis of people and urgent requirements of the world's largest integrated Games for the modern Olympic Games have created the conditions. Meanwhile, in line with international sports exchanges increased, a sports organization to coordinate the activities of the international sports organizations on the birth became inevitable.

　　5. The rest of the world to the rejuvenation of the Olympic Games for the Olympic movement began accumulating experience. The early 19th century, some European and American countries for the revival of the Olympic Games attempts. 19 1930s, the University of Lund, Sweden, Professor Chairman of plans to organize two local newspapers were called "Olympic" competitions. From 1849 onwards, the annual session, the British Brooks Group organized the decades-long "Olympic Festival."

　　After the mid-19th century, the Greeks eager to take to revive the ancient Olympic Games to revive the ancient Greek civilization. King Otto in Greece, with the support of a Mingjiaozamoshi Greeks in the October 1, 1859 in Athens organized a session of the first Olympic Games in Greece. Subsequently, in 1870, 1875, 1887 and 1889, has held four Panhellenic Games. Because of organizational mismanagement and limited participation in Greek, Greece, the Olympic Games will not continue to grow, but European countries, have had a great impact, in many countries, several newspapers this Games have made more detailed reports, which led to a much greater Greece with the repercussions, from which both positive and negative for the Olympic movement began accumulating experience.

　　6. The threat of war and people in their desire for peace promotion of the Olympic movement began. End of the 19th century, the world has witnessed a monopoly capitalism and imperialism, a new, powerful imperialist countries -- William II ruled Germany mounting the stage of history, war and want to re-divide the world, war clouded the whole of Europe.

　　At this stage, Germany seeks recovery of the Olympic Games a loud voice, some people with ulterior motives to the German people by launching the Olympics, to expand the influence of seeking world hegemony. France is a close neighbor of Germany, if the German war waged by the disaster will be the first French people who fell. The people of France strongly opposed the war and are eager to maintain the world peace, the ancient Olympic Games peace, a spirit of friendship, in line with the French people and the people of the world the desire for peace. Renaissance Games is not only conducive to the development of international sports, but also to the French people and the peoples of the world against Germany struggle to dominate the world. Renaissance Games have become the pressing needs of this glorious historical mission falls on the shoulders of the French people.

　　Let Pierre de Coubertin Olympic movement into a reality

　　French educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin is recognized founder of the modern Olympics, he for the Olympic movement to the birth and development have made outstanding contributions. In 1888, Pierre de Coubertin of France as school education, sports training Secretary-General of the Preparatory Committee. Pierre de Coubertin in 1889 on behalf of France to participate in the United States at the International Boston sports training session, further understanding of the dynamic sports world, he believes that modern sports development is heading for the world, should help of sports in ancient Greece and the experience of traditional influence to promote international sports, so have the Olympic renaissance the idea. To achieve this in mind, Pierre de Coubertin done a lot of work.

　　In 1891, Pierre de Coubertin, founder of "Sports comments" magazine, as a warm front to promote his proposal for the founder of the Olympic Games has played a positive role in promoting this. In 1892, Pierre de Coubertin visited Europe, the promotion of the Olympic ideal. The same year, on November 25 to celebrate the French sports in the Federation of Associations of the fifth anniversary of the General Assembly, he made a famous speech, the first open and formally proposed the establishment of the modern Olympic Games initiative. In his speech, Pierre de Coubertin stated : Modern Olympic Games should be like the ancient Olympics, solidarity, peace and friendship for the purpose, but it should be more than the ancient Olympic Games and the development of innovative, it should be to all countries, all regions and all national open and, in turn held around the world. The initiative Pierre de Coubertin, the modern Olympic Games from the outset breaking the national and state boundaries, with a clear international consensus. In 1893, Pierre de Coubertin in Paris to convene a coordination meeting of international sports, united international sports, founder of the Olympic Games to discuss the issue. The following year, he will also own initiative written an open letter sent to many countries, sports clubs, sports clubs gained a lot of support.

　　International factors for the promotion and the tireless efforts of Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the Olympic preparations was finally ready. June 16, 1894-24 days, according to the recommendations of Pierre de Coubertin, from the United States, Britain, Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Greece 12 of 49 national sports organizations, attended the Sorbonne Theological College at the International body Fertility movement Congress. During the meeting, also held in 21 countries sent a letter to the General Assembly expressed their support and congratulations. The meeting adopted the establishment of the International Olympic Committee, and from 79 official representatives of the 15 elected a first session of the International Olympic Committee. The Assembly also decided by the country hosting the Olympic Games the International Olympic Committee International Olympic Committee president. As the first Olympic Games in 1896 in the Greek capital of Athens, Greece Weikailashi member of the International Olympic Committee elected the first chairman of the Secretary-General Pierre de Coubertin. The General Assembly is held every four years at an Olympic Games, followed by the "amateur sports" resolution. The General Assembly also provided an Olympic event for track and field, water sports, swimming, rowing, sailing, fencing, wrestling, boxing, equestrian, shooting, gymnastics, such as ball games.

　　April 6, 1896-15, No. 1 finally the modern Olympic Games, held in Athens as scheduled. Although the organization not perfect, but it is the official birth of the Olympic movement an important indicator of the future with meaning.

　　The Olympic movement finally landed on the stage of history, it opened a history of human civilization and also a new chapter.

　　【The development of the Olympic movement --

　　safeguarding world peace movement of the international community.

　　The Olympic movement, including the Olympic as the core of the opinion that to the International Olympic Committee, International Federations and National Olympic Committees backbone of the organization system and to the Olympic cycle activities for the system.

　　On June 23, 1894, when Pierre de Coubertin and 12 of the 79 state representatives decided to set up the International Olympic Committee, created the modern Olympic Movement, the feat once became an object of ridicule. In more than 100 years later, the Olympics has become celebrate the festival, the Olympic movement has attracted more than 200 countries and regions participated actively.

　　Olympics or right ups and downs experienced generally following the development process :

　　【Olympic history : difficult exploration (1894-1914) :

　　Follow certain time cycle around the world organized large-scale comprehensive international games, sport at the service of people, and serves the world peace, which in the late 19th century the difficulties encountered people today is unimaginable. Network time to sweep the global trend of industrial revolution, in the community to the tremendous progress, but also to ethnic conflicts escalated to the point of unprecedented extent. The ideas, solid in their own small piece of the long-term constraints, it is also difficult to understand the Olympic ideology, such as the Olympic Games to accept international cultural also lack the necessary preparations for it.

　　to meet the needs of the Olympic Games. On the Olympic movement itself, the new International Olympic Committee itself is not yet ripe, with the exception of gymnastics, skating and rowing, the other is no international sports organizations, the National Olympic Committee does not yet exist.

　　First, the 2012 instability items, each item is different, the organizer can be temporary changes (such as the first Olympic rowing and sailing competitions, due to bad weather and canceled a temporary increase in the 100-meter freestyle competitions), the project repetitive (No. 2 Olympic gymnastics individual all can from parallel bars, high bar, rings, pommel horse, vault and floor exercise, the long jump, high jump and long jump integrated jump, pole vault, climbing rope, 50 kg weightlifting items). Secondly, sports venues lack of a unified standard, the length of the runway not only different, 333.33 meters (1896 Olympics), 500 meters (1900 Olympics), 536.45 meters (1904 and 1908 Olympics), 383 meters (1912 Olympics) in different ways. the design and site nor reunification, the first Olympic Games as "U" - shaped runway, two Olympic use turf field. Initially in the swimming competitions for natural waters. Third, the game lacked the necessary codes, such as the marathon distance of each vary, weightlifting and wrestling weight classification and without a time limit, metric system chaotic, sometimes Englishmen, and sometimes the metric system; Organizers can be arbitrarily changed the competition schedule; Magistrate more from the country hosting the officers, law enforcement not fair; projects eligible inconsistent athletes, the village has not yet been established, athletes accommodation dispersed and confused. The Olympics is no fixed period of less than 10 days long, with five to six months. Fourth, fun

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