怎样辨别防风、柴胡真假
怎样才能辨别防风、柴胡真假
推荐回答(1个)
1.防风:根呈长圆柱形,长15~30cm,直径0.5~2cm.根头部有明显密集的环纹,习称“蚯蚓头”,环纹上有的有棕褐色毛状残存叶基。表面灰棕色、粗糙,有纵皱纹,多数具横长皮孔及点状突起的细根痕。体轻,质松,易折断,断面不平坦。皮部浅棕色,有裂隙。木质部浅黄色,气清香特异,味淡微甜。其横切面放置后形成层桔红色,俗称“红眼圈”。
按野生产区,防风可分为关防风、口防风、西防风;防风的栽培品称水防风或家防风,因河北地区栽培较早且量较大,又有人称其为冀防风。鉴别如下:
关防风:产于东北及内蒙东部地区,尤以黑龙江齐齐哈尔地区及内蒙扎鲁特旗以北出产为佳,表面灰棕色,蚯蚓头明显,断面皮部浅棕色,菊花心、红眼圈明显。
口防风:产于河北、山西及相邻内蒙中部地区,表面浅黄或黄白色,蚯蚓头较明显而略短,断面皮部黄白色,菊花心可见,红眼圈明显。
西防风:产于陕、甘及相邻内蒙地区,量少,蚯蚓头不甚明显,纤维性略强。
家防风:是各地栽培品的统称,其质量及外观性状因土质、水肥管理等有所差异。与野生防风相比,通常粗壮,蚯蚓头不明显或不甚明显,质略重,粉性略强,菊花心色浅,红眼圈不甚明显,断面皮部裂隙不发达,气略弱,甘而无辛味。
2.川防风:根细小,表面多根痕,棕黄色或灰黑色。体轻,质硬脆,无蚯蚓头,其根头部有一段棕黄色的环节状叶片残痕,故又名“竹节防风”。气微,味淡。
3.竹叶防风(云防风):根细长,表面较平坦,灰棕色或黄棕色,有致密的纵皱纹。体轻,质软,易折断。无蚯蚓头、菊花心等。气香,味微辛而涩。
4.松叶防风:根头部有许多环节,无蚯蚓头,表面黄色或灰棕色。体轻,质脆,易折断。皮部疏松,淡黄色,有黄棕色与黄白色相间之纹理,呈放射状排列。气微芳香,味微甘。
另外,陕甘地区尚用伞形科植物马缨子的根作防风入药,称之为西北小防风或怀安小防风,偶有流入市场者;河南荥阳用汜水防风、名水防风入药;云南部分地区尚用唇形科绣球防风、伞形科杏叶防风和菊科小竹叶防风的全草入药。以上均与正品防风药材效用不同,不宜混用。
正品柴胡的性状鉴别
1.北柴胡:本品为长圆锥形或圆柱形,常有分支,长5~15厘米,直径3~4毫米。顶头部膨大,顶端多带有残留的茎基或短纤维状的叶基或片状叶鞘。灰褐色或灰棕色,有纵皱纹、支根痕和横向突起的皮孔。质硬而韧,不易折断,断面呈片状纤维性,皮部浅棕色,木部黄白色。味微苦辛。
2.南柴胡:根呈圆锥形,少分枝,长5~14厘米,直径4~18毫米。表面棕红色或棕褐色,近根头部有多数紧密的环纹,根头顶部密披纤维状叶基残余。质稍软而脆,易折断,断面平坦,淡棕色,可见油点。气微香,味微苦。
3.春柴胡:本品为带根幼嫩的全草。全长15~80厘米,根同南柴胡,少见同北柴胡者。茎单一或数叶,上部多分枝,光滑无毛。质脆,易折断,断面中央有白色的髓。叶互生,根生叶及茎下部叶有长柄,叶片线形或线状披针形,长7~15厘米,宽2~6毫米,端部渐尖,叶脉5~7条,近乎平行。复伞形花序,花小,黄色,双悬果。气微香,味淡。
二、常见的柴胡伪品
1.大叶柴胡:为伞形科植物大叶柴胡的干燥根茎及根,多分布于东北三省。本品为圆柱略弯曲,常有分枝,下部分枝较多,长3~10厘米,直径3~6毫米。表面黄褐色至棕色向上颜色渐浅,较粗糙,密生环节,节与节间明显,可见少数须根,质坚硬,断面平整呈黄白色,皮部与木部紧连,中心多空洞,显纤维性,味微涩,有麻舌感,有芹菜样气味。
2.瞿麦根:为石竹科植物瞿麦的根。本品为圆柱形,多弯曲,下部有分枝,长6~12厘米,直径3~6毫米。根头部膨大,残留有数个长短不等的茎基和卷曲的粗毛,茎基上可见围抱于节的叶基。表面灰棕色或棕褐色,具不规则纵沟及点状皮孔,质坚硬,难折断,断面不平坦,中空,味淡。
3.蝇子草根:为石竹科植物蝇子草的干燥根。本品为圆锥形,根头部有残留茎枝,茎枝节膨大,多扭曲,断面具黄白相间的放射状纹理。
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