推荐回答(5个)
【1】你画的电路在原理上有问题,会把单片机烧毁的。
【2】正确的电路应该如下图所示。
【3】关于如何计算三极管的静态工作点的问题:三极管在这个应用中是作为一个驱动开关来使用的,因此静态工作点最好是不导通(截止);而动态工作点是使其饱和,以减少其Vce压降,降低功耗。
1、由于单片机的输出是TTL电平兼容的,低电平约0.3V,小于三极管的be结电压(NPN硅管约0.7V)这样就保证了单片机输出低电平时,三极管是截止的。
2、单片机推挽模式输出的高电平约3~5V,按保险的3V计算,假设三极管的放大倍数为100,饱和压降Vce为1V,则若想要其饱和,最低基极电流为((24V-1V)/1.6K)/100=0.15mA,为可靠起见,取0.2mA,则R1的电阻应为:(3V-0.7V)/0.2mA=11.5K,即R1可用标称系列的10K电阻即可。

你现在是把三极管当开关管来用,讨论静态工作点似乎没什么用处。现在应该考虑是怎么使三极管饱和。
如果不考虑三极管等的功耗,任意选一个R1,可以找到很多RL使得三极管进入饱合状态,计算方法是:Ib=(Vcc-0.7)/R1,此处近似求出Ib,用Ib乘以三极管的放大倍数s(一般取30-80),得出我们计算出集电极(发射极)的电流值Ic1,然后假设三极管处于饱合状态那么此时R2的电流应是Ic2=(Vcc-0.2)/RL.这样,我们就得到了两个Ic的值,如果Ic1>>Ic2,甚至是数量级的差别,那么三极管就处于开关状态中的开状态(饱合状态).
该三极管为继电器驱动级,工作在开关状态,不用设置静态工作点。如楼上所说,设置了静态工作点反而不好,继电器容易引起误动作,设置静态工作点是为了放大器在信号负半周时不失真。R1的算法如下:R1≤β(Uo-0.7)/Ir。式中:R1-三极管的基极电阻(Ω),β-三极管的放大倍数,U o-单片机输出电压(V),0.7-三极管的be结正向压降(V),Ir-继电器的额定吸合电流(A)。为了继电器可靠吸合,实际取值要比算出的基极电阻小些,最多可小到1/2。不能过小,过小可能三极管会烧毁或单片机无法驱动。
R1的左端不能接在集电极上,而应接在单片机输出端口上。
这个电路一般不设静态工作点,设了会引起继电器误动作
三极管静态工作点是防止交流信号失真用
这里的三极管只能工作在开关状态,不能工作在线性放大区。
且R1的接法不对,应改接在24V电源和三极管基极之间。
R1的大小计算如下:
首先确定24V继电器的吸合电流I,这个电流就是三极管的集电极电流Ic
确定三极管的直流放大倍数β
则能是继电器吸合的临界基极电流Ib=Ic/β
R1=(24-0.7)/Ib
为了留有一定余量,保证三极管可靠饱和导通,实际R1取值应比计算临界值小,保证有足够的基极电流Ib,才能保证有足够大的Ic驱动继电器吸合。
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