用英文介绍一下丘吉尔、霍金、林肯

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (Can) (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was an English statesman, sailor in the Royal Navy and author. Well-known as an orator and strategist, Churchill was one of the most important leaders in modern British and world history. A prolific author, he won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature for his many books on English and world history.[1] He was voted the greatest-ever Briton in the 2002 BBC poll of the 100 Greatest Britons
Winston 伦纳德・Spencer-Churchill, 公斤, OM, CH, TD, FRS, 个人计算机先生(能) (1874 年11月30 日- 1965 1月24 日) 是英国政治家、水手在皇家海军和作者。知名的作为演说者和战略家, Churchill 是最重要的领导的当中一个在现代英国和世界历史。一位多产作者, 他赢取了1953 年诺贝尔奖在文学里为他的许多书在英语并且世界history.[1 ] 他投票了最伟大曾经的不列颠人在100 个最了不起的不列颠人的2002 BBC 民意测验
Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes, and his popular works in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. These include the runaway popular science bestseller A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
斯蒂芬・威廉Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, (被负担1942 1月8 日) 是英国的理论物理学家。Hawking 是数学Lucasian 教授在剑桥大学, 和Gonville 和Caius 学院, 剑桥的家伙。他为人所知为他的对宇宙论和量子重力的领域的贡献, 特别是就黑洞状况, 和他谈论他自己的理论和宇宙论总之的他普遍的工作。这些包括逃亡大众科学畅销书时间的简要的历史, 停留在英国的星期天时间畅销书名单为record-breaking 237 个星期。
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was President of the United States from March 4, 1861 to April 15, 1865. As an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery and a political leader in the western states, he won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year.
Abraham Lincoln (1809 年2月12 日- 1865 4月15 日) 是美国总统从1861 年3月4 日到1865 年4月15 日。作为奴隶制扩展的一名坦率的对手和一个政治领导在西方国家, 1860 年他赢取了共和党提名和那年晚些时候被选举了总统。

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (Can) (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was an English statesman, sailor in the Royal Navy and author. Well-known as an orator and strategist, Churchill was one of the most important leaders in modern British and world history. A prolific author, he won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature for his many books on English and world history.[1] He was voted the greatest-ever Briton in the 2002 BBC poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.[2]

He fought during the Second Boer War and at the Battle of Omdurman. At the forefront of the political scene for almost sixty years Churchill held numerous political and cabinet positions. Before the First World War he served as President of the Board of Trade and Home Secretary during the Liberal governments. In the First World War Churchill served in numerous positions, as First Lord of the Admiralty, Minister of Munitions, Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for Air. He also served in the British Army on the Western Front and commanded the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers. During the interwar years he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer.

After the outbreak of the Second World War Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain in May 1940 Churchill became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and led the British war effort against the Axis powers. Churchill's speeches were a great inspiration to the embattled Allied forces. After losing the 1945 election Churchill became the leader of the opposition. In 1951 Churchill again became Prime Minister before finally retiring in 1955. Upon his death, he was granted the honour of a state funeral which saw one of the largest assemblies of statesmen in the world.

Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA, (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes, and his popular works in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. These include the runaway popular science bestseller A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.[1]

His key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical discovery that black holes emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation (or sometimes as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation).[2] His scientific career spans more than 40 years and his books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity and world-renowned theoretical physicist. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.[3]

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was President of the United States from March 4, 1861 to April 15, 1865. As an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery and a political leader in the western states, he won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year.

Lincoln helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy in the American Civil War. He introduced measures that resulted in the abolition of slavery, issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoting the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.

Lincoln's leadership qualities were evident in his close supervision of the victorious war effort, especially his successful selection of Ulysses S. Grant and other top generals. Historians conclude he brilliantly handled the factions of the Republican Party by bringing the leaders into his cabinet and forcing them to cooperate. In crisis management, he defused a war scare with the United Kingdom (1861), he outmaneuvered the Confederacy and took control of the border slave states in 1861-62, and he managed his own landslide reelection in the 1864 presidential election.

Antiwar Copperheads criticized him for refusing to compromise on slavery. On the other hand, Radical Republicans, a strongly Abolitionist faction of the Republican Party, criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. Lincoln rallied public opinion through the powerful rhetoric of his messages and speeches; his Gettysburg Address is remembered as the prime example. At the close of the war, Lincoln took a moderate view of Reconstruction, seeking to speedily re-unite the nation through a policy of generous reconciliation.

Lincoln's assassination in 1865 made him a martyr for the ideal of national unity.

Scholars rank Lincoln among the top three U.S. Presidents, with the average of those surveys placing him at number one. He is noted for his lasting influence on U.S. politics, including redefining republican values.[1]

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