Include 和comprise 均指把人或事物包括进去并成为其组成的部分。Comprise 通常指所有的成分都是固定的:The book comprises (that is, consists of or is composed of) 15 chapters. 这本书有(意思是由…组成) 15章。 Include 和其余的几个词语一样,更多是指不完全的纳入:
included a reference to the accompanist in the review of the concert; 在对这台音乐会的评论中提到了伴奏;will include an amount for postage in my payment. 我的付款将包含邮费。Involve 通常作为一种逻辑推理的结果或必需条件而被包括进去:“Every argument involves some assumptions” (Brooke F. Westcott). “任何争论都牵涉到某些假定”