推荐回答(1个)
后轮驱动有这些好处:
1、 驱动力好,加速、爬坡能力强
2、 直接档机械传动效率高
3、 汽车前后桥载荷容易匹配成1:1,使得前后座舒适程度较一致,或者后座更舒适。这也是高级轿车多数是后轮驱动的原因。
4、 没有转向驱动万向节这一可靠性较低的环节
5、 此驱动形式非常成熟,技术也很高,比较可靠
客车的驱动形式采用后桥驱动主要是驱动力好,性能可靠。
发动机是汽车的动力心脏,它的布置是汽车整体布置最重要的组成部分。为满足不同的使用要求,汽车总体构造和布置形式是不相同的。现代汽车发动机在汽车中的位置可依其布置形式分为前置、中置和后置三种。就货车而言,发动机前置是目前采用最为广泛的布置形式。它的优点在于发动机的通用性好,既可选装直列和卧式,又可采用V型发动机,维修时也方便。另外货箱地板高度较低,整车对路面要求也比较低。而发动机的中置、后置同前置相比,发动机的通用性差;只能选用卧式发动机,维修时也很不方便,货箱地板比较高,对路面要求也比较高。发动机中置的优点在于轴荷分配比较合理,驾驶室内噪声振动轻,驾驶员座位高度较低。而发动机后置的最突出优点,是由于驾驶室远离发动机,室内几乎不受发动机的噪声和振动的影响。目前发动机后置在货车上采用不多,只局限于后置发动机的轿车变形为货车时有所采用,目前大多数轿车采用前置形式,轿车发动机采用前言形式的优点在于操纵机构简单,发动机冷却条件好,除霜与采暖机构简单,行李箱尺寸较大。为满足不同的使用要求,现代轿车总体构造和布置形式是不相同的,按发动机和各个总成相对位置的不同,现代轿车发动机的布置形式和驱动方式通常有以下四种:
1.发动机前置、后轮驱动(FR):国内外的大多数载重车,部分轿车及部分客车均采用这种传统的驱动形式。它是前轮转向、后轮驱动,发动机输出动力通过离合器——变速器——传动轴输送到驱动桥上,在此减速增扭后传送到后面的左右半轴上,驱动后轮使汽车运行,前后轮各行其职,转向与驱动分开,负荷分布比较均匀。
2.全轮驱动(NWD):是越野汽车特有的形式。(如BJ2020切诺基等)。通常发动机前置,在变速器后装有分动器,以便将动力分别输送到全部车轮上。全轮驱动动力性好,爬坡及越野能力强。但与单独的前、后轮驱动相比结构复杂,成本高,传动效率低。
3.发动机前置、前轮驱动(FF):是20世纪90年代在国内外轿车上逐渐流行的布置形式。为缩短整车长度,减轻轿车质量,常将发动机置于前轴之前,变速器之后的东西都往前挪,变速器与驱动桥做成一体,固定在发动机旁,动力直接输送到前轮上,降低底盘高度,改善高速时操纵稳定性。如常见的奥迪100轿车,还有微型轿车(夏利、奥拓等)均采用发动机前置,前轮驱动的传动系布置形式,常见的发动机前置,前轴驱动轿车也有两种给构:一是发动机轴线与前桥平行的横置式(如夏利轿车);二是发动机纵置式(如桑塔纳、奥迪等轿车)。
4.后置发动机、后轮驱动(RR):它似乎是FF车的翻版,只不过是将车前的“五脏六腑”移到车后。此种车辆保持了FF车的优点,也消除了FF车的缺点,由于车内布置趋于合理,且对车内噪声和温度有所改善,以其独特的结构和良好的使用性能受到用户的欢迎。
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