推荐回答（1个）
导弹制导和控制系统的控制导引方法可分为6类：①自主式：在制导和控制过程中,根据导弹内部或外部的固定参考基准控制导弹的飞行.制导和控制系统都装在导弹内部,不需要任何人为的控制,也不需要地面设备配合工作.应用这种方法的系统主要有惯性制导系统、天文制导系统.②寻的式（见寻的制导）.③指令式（见指令制导）.④波束式（见波束制导）.⑤图像匹配式（见图像匹配制导）.⑥复合式：将上述方式组合起来形成复合式制导和控制系统,可以充分发挥各种方式的优点.
导弹制导和控制系统按所用物理量的性质可分为 5类：①无线电制导；②红外制导；③激光制导；④雷达制导；⑤电视制导.按应用对象分为下面3类：
弹道导弹制导和控制系统 弹道导弹的飞行弹道分为三段：主动飞行段、自由飞行段和再入飞行段.导弹的命中精度主要取决于主动飞行段结束时导弹的运动参数（位置和速度）.弹道导弹一般都采用惯性制导系统进行主动飞行段的制导.此外,在发射前要进行方位瞄准和水平修正,为制导系统建立初始基准,这要由地面方位瞄准系统和水平修正系统与导弹上的制导和控制系统共同完成.方位瞄准和水平修正的精度直接影响制导精度.有些弹道导弹还采用末制导来提高制导精度,例如美国“潘兴” 2型导弹就使用了地形匹配制导系统进行再入飞行段的末制导.
战术导弹制导和控制系统 战术导弹指地空、舰空、空空等攻击快速活动目标类型的导弹.由于目标是快速活动的,制导系统中必须有能实时截获和跟踪目标的探测手段（通常使用电磁波）,以便不断地测定目标与导弹的相对位置和速度,然后按规定的导引规律形成指令,引导导弹飞向目标.目标探测装置和导弹探测装置(图1)不断探测目标和导弹运动参数,并输给制导计算机进行处理形成制导指令,经发射机和接收机送给自动驾驶仪,控制导弹不断逼近目标.这类导弹多采用寻的制导、指令制导或波束制导方式,有的采用两种以上的制导方式来提高导弹的性能.
战术导弹所用的导引规律通常有5种:①追踪法：导弹飞行速度的方向总是对准目标瞬时位置.②三点法：指挥站、导弹和目标三者始终保持在一条直线上.③前置角法：导弹和目标的连线（称为视线）与某基准线之间保持常值的夹角,即视线角为常值.这样导弹始终沿着与目标相遇的路线飞行(图2 ).④位置前置点法：导弹超前于目标与指挥站的连线一定距离,导弹和指挥站连线与目标和指挥站连线间的夹角随着导弹飞近目标而减小,直至为零.⑤比例导引法：导弹速度向量的转动角速度与视线转动角速度成比例.
巡航导弹制导和控制系统 这类导弹飞行轨迹的特点是在一段时间内保持等高或按预定高度程序飞行,在接近目标时,再俯冲飞向目标.岸舰、空舰、舰舰和空空导弹多采用这种飞行方式.远程战略巡航导弹多在低空或超低空飞行以提高突防能力,攻击的目标一般为慢速活动目标或固定目标.
这类导弹的制导和控制系统与无人驾驶飞机的控制系统相似,一般采用程控（航程控制）高度表或惯性制导方式控制高度,接近目标时转为其他制导方式（如寻的制导、图像匹配制导等）,现代多采用惯性制导和图像匹配制导.为了修正惯性制导在长时间飞行中的积累误差,可附加自动星体跟踪器（见天文导航）以取得修正信息.
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