结合具体作品,谈谈关汉卿杂剧题材,内容的特点
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内容以描写男女风月之情为主;题材虽融合古人旧事,却多以现实生活为基础;在创作方法上虚实结合;大半寓意深刻;叙事深入浅出,语言风格浅近自然,人物台词求肖似;多写喜剧,多含机趣,注重布置全剧的格局。
第一,关剧所用之事,以古为多,以今为少。三分之二以上属于或接近历史题材。整个元代杂剧的创作也多取材于历史故事。
关剧是展示历史人物风貌风采的画廊。在关汉卿笔下,有以结义兄弟手足之情为重、誓为之复仇的西蜀帝王刘备;有多才思、爱红颜的北宋著名词人柳永;有“千金不改其志”的唐代政治家、诗人裴度;有始与李存信(李克用假子)争斗,终被李克用车裂的李存孝(李克用假子);有忠于蜀汉政权、智勇双全的镇守荆州将领关羽;有始教表妹写字弹琴、终与之喜结良缘的东晋文学家温峤;有智断裴炎杀人案的北宋开封府尹钱可;有人称“欲得天下好,无如召寇老”的宋真宗时宰相寇准;有曾任天章阁待制、龙图阁直学士,智斩权豪势要葛彪、鲁斋郎,铁面无私的包青天包拯;有曾同为后唐大将的李嗣源(后唐明宗)、李亚子、石敬瑭(后晋高祖)、孟知祥、刘知远(后汉高祖)、李从珂(后唐废帝)等。
现存关剧三分之一以下属于现代题材,这些剧目有时也接近或化用历史题材。如《拜月亭》是以金兵攻占汴梁城为背景的;《窦娥冤》化用了《汉书·于定国传》,尤其干宝《搜神记·东海孝妇》的故事。
关剧确立了杂剧开掘历史题材、以古喻今的创作传统。这一传统首先被后来的长篇小说家施耐庵、罗贯中等人继承。
第二,关剧以实为多,以虚为少,虚实相生。
关剧基本上能遵循现实主义创作原则,严格地按照生活的本来面貌,“就事敷陈,不假造作,有根有据。”另外,在一些要紧关目的处理上,时时若“空中楼阁,随意构成,无影无形。”又表现出浪漫主义的创作风格。例如关剧以“梦”命名的就有《西蜀梦》、《绯衣梦》、《蝴蝶梦》三种,其中的虚构成分是不言而喻的。不过,它们也仍然以写实为主。仅以《绯衣梦》为例,落笔写实:王得富之女王闰香与李荣祖之子李庆安指腹成亲,这正是当时一种普通的婚俗。写李荣祖由富变贫,王得富悔婚,派人送去十两银子和王闰香做给李庆安的一双鞋,以示退婚。说明人们经济地位常处在变化之中,揭示人们嫌贫爱富的心态,均具现实意义。再写李庆安脱鞋爬到王家花园的梧桐树上,去取断线的风筝,散心的王闰香认出自己做的鞋子,邀李庆安夜晚于太湖石边相会。表现男女双方对爱情的渴望,符合青年人的心态。接着写王得富不许裴炎当绵团袄,并骂他是贼头。裴炎夜晚潜入花园,准备杀死王得富全家,遇见王闰香派来的梅香。原来梅香按预约带一包袱金珠财宝,准备交给李庆安做财礼。裴炎杀死梅香,抢走金银财宝。李庆安触摸梅香死尸,双手沾满血迹,惊恐地逃回家。王闰香发现梅香已死,只好把隐情告诉嬷嬷。王得富、嬷嬷直至李庆安家,发现门上的血手印。李庆安被扭送官府,理刑之官贾虚动刑,李庆安屈招,被下在死囚牢里。至此,观众如目睹了一起杀人案或一起冤案铸成的全过程,觉得真实可信。接下来,作者随意虚构:钱可除开封府尹之职,当需要他在重囚李庆安招状上判个“斩”字时,李庆安让父亲救下的蜘蛛网上的苍蝇,屡次抱住笔尖。钱可下令除去李庆安的枷锁,并让他在狱神庙歇息。李庆安说睡语:“非衣两把火,杀人贼是我。赶的无处藏,走在井底躲。”差役转告钱可,钱可依此断定杀人贼是裴炎,又派人在棋盘街井底巷抓获此贼。
就此剧而言,这种虚实结合的写法,是剧情发展的需要,为的是适合观众的欣赏情趣,为的是劝导人们弃恶从善,达到作者的创作目的。
第三,关剧“大半皆寓言耳”。
关剧的寓意是深刻的、令人回味的。如《谢天香》、《金线池》等都寓有“君子成人之美”的意思;《鲁斋郎》、《蝴蝶梦》等贯穿“多行不义必自毙”之理。
李渔在“贵显浅”一节特别强调:
元人非不读书,而所制之曲以无一毫书本气,以其有书而不用,非当用而无书也;后人之曲则满纸皆书矣。元人非不深心,而所填之词皆觉过于浅近,以其深而出之以浅,非借浅以文其不深也。
这是说,与后世相比,元人的剧作最符合演出的要求。它们叙述深入浅出,词曲皆有天趣,一片好音,语言风格浅近自然。
关剧反映出元人的这些突出的创作特点。以《玉镜台》为例:姑母聘请翰林学士温峤教小女刘倩英写字弹琴,又嘱托他为小女在翰林院中保一门亲事。温峤以玉镜台为定物,派官媒暗中为自己保亲。良缘将结,他喜不自禁,幻想婚后如何关爱刘倩英,一年四季如何使之生活得快活,与之朝夕相处的自己如何沉浸在梦一般的境界中。且读他的唱词《煞尾》:
俺待麝兰腮、粉香臂、鸳鸯颈,由你水银渍、朱砂斑、翡翠青。到春来小重楼策杖登,曲阑边把臂行,闲寻芳,闷选胜。到夏来追凉院、近水庭,碧纱厨、绿窗净,针穿珠、扇扑萤。到秋来入兰堂、开画屏,看银河、牛女星,伴添香、拜月亭。到冬来风加严、雪乍晴,摘疏梅、浸古瓶,欢寻常、乐余剩。那时节、趁心性,由她娇痴、尽他怒憎,善也偏宜、恶也相称。朝至暮不转我这眼睛,孜孜觑定,端的寒忘热、饥忘饱、冻忘冷。
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