推荐回答(1个)
在我国新疆与邻国蒙古、俄罗斯、哈萨克的边界周围,延伸着阿尔泰山脉。这里可以见到一种多年生草本植物,它长着狭长的蓝灰色叶子,浅红色的花朵密集绵软如朵朵云霞,它的名字叫帕特兰丝石竹,又称“霞草”。有时候,它们连成很大的一片,形成一个宽阔的长达几十千米的草丛带。人们发现,这种草丛带下面往往蕴藏着铜矿。根据这个经验,地质工作者在开始找矿之前,往往先绘制出丝石竹分布图,然后按图确定铜矿的可能位置。
可指示铜矿的丝石竹
丝石竹的根很粗壮,互相纠缠盘绕着扎向大地深处,穿过土壤,沿着岩石裂纹直达地下水源,含铜的地下水就被吸收到蓝灰色叶子和粉红色花朵里面了。在6~8月,乘飞机来到这里,人们会看到,多石的山坡上百花不争,青草萎蔫,但大自然似乎有意用一条玫瑰色的花绸带装点这草枯石瘦的荒山。这条清晰的花绸带,在空中摄影胶片中,留下了铜矿蕴藏地的位置。
我国北部有一种叫海州香薷的唇形科草本植物,它喜欢生长在酸性土壤的铜矿脉上,也是一种铜矿指示植物,因此,人们干脆叫它“铜草”。赞比亚则有种“铜花”,凡“铜花”生长的地方,就可能有优质铜。据说,有家铜矿公司的地质学家,在赞比亚西北省的卡伦瓜看见“铜花”后,发现了一座富铜矿。与赞比亚同为世界产铜大国的智利,也曾根据植物进行追踪,并发现了有开采价值的铜矿。
植物为什么能指示矿物的存在呢?原来,植物生长之处的地下岩层对它至关重要。地下水能溶解一部分金属,含金属的水向上渗入土壤,再被植物吸收到体内。因此,生长在铜矿上的植物能吸收含铜的水,镍矿上的草木吸收含镍的水。无论地下埋藏着什么物质,铍、钽、锂、铌、钍、钼等元素都会被水溶解一部分并带到地表上来。植物吸水后,每一段茎、每一片叶子便都累积着微量的元素。即使水深到20~30米,植物组织仍会积蓄一部分这样的金属,所以它们依然灵敏地反映出金属物的存在。大部分金属元素在各种植物里有微量积蓄,植物需要它们,没有它们反而会“饥饿”生病。但是过犹不及,如果金属含量过高,对植物就会产生毒害作用。所以,在金属矿区,大部分植物都不见了,剩下来的只是那些经得起某种金属在自己体内大量积蓄的草木。于是,这些地区就只生长着这一类植物,它们便成为这种金属矿的天然标志了。
铀是核工业必不可少的原料。为了制造核武器、建造核电站,许多国家都要绞尽脑汁购买或寻找这种放射性元素。在寻找铀矿的过程中,植物也能帮上忙。若是把树枝烧成灰烬进行分析,铀的含量超过正常标准,这就意味着在那种植物生长的地方有找到铀矿的希望。水越桔能比较准确地指示铀的存在。一旦喝了含铀的地下水,它的椭圆形果实就会变成各种各样奇怪的形状,有时还能从藏青色变为白色或淡绿色。生长在铀矿上的柳兰花会显示出从白色到浅紫色的全部色阶,在阿拉斯加的铀矿附近曾收集到8种不同颜色的柳兰花,而它本来应为粉红色。
“喜欢”黄金的凤眼兰
沙漠里的金矿所在地几乎没有任何植物,然而蒿子和兔唇草却生活得很自在,它们的体内积累了大量的金元素。因此,把它们叫作“金草”该是名正言顺的。蕨类植物问荆也能吸收土壤中的黄金,鸡脚蘑、凤眼兰生长旺盛的地方,地下也往往藏有黄金。我国湘西会同县漠滨金矿的含金石英脉旁,发现了大量的野薤子,它们长得很茂盛,同样指示着地下的“金库”。
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