推荐回答(1个)
王维《使至塞上》赏析
单车欲问边[1], 属国过居延[2]。
征蓬出汉塞[3], 归雁入胡天。
大漠孤烟直, 长河落日圆。
萧关逢候骑[4] , 都护在燕然[5]。
赏析
开元二十五年(737),王维奉命赴西河节度使府慰问将士,此诗即诗人赴西河途中所作。这是一首纪行诗,诗人身负朝廷使命前往边塞.诗即记述这次出使途中所见所感。
首二句交待诗缘何而作,以及写作的地点。“欲问边”,是出使的目的。“单车”,是说随从少,仪节规格不高。诗于纪事写景之中微露失意情绪,这种情绪便是从“单车”二字引发出来。而后一句说身过“居延”这特殊的地域,则成为诗中描绘的风光景物的根据。
三、四两句包含多重意蕴。由“归雁”一语知道,这次出使边塞的时间是春天。蓬草成熟后枝叶干枯,根离大地,随风飘卷,故称“征蓬”。这一句是诗人借蓬草自况,写飘零之感。古诗中说到蓬草,大多是自叹身世。如曹植的《杂诗》(其二)所谓“转蓬离本根,飘飖随长风”,就是著名的例子。本诗中的“出汉塞”恰与诗人此行相映照;而且,这三个字异国他乡的情味甚为浓厚,这就加深了飘零之感。去国离乡,感情总是复杂万端的,不管是出于有家难奔、有国难投的情势,还是象本诗中听写乃是因为负有使命。大约诗人这次出使,已自心境不佳,并不同于汉司马相如初得武帝青睐,出使西南夷那样的威风、气派。诗人的失意情绪或者同朝廷政治斗争有关。一向器重诗人的宰相张九龄即于本年四月贬为荆州长史。
诗在表现上采用的是两两对照的写法。“征蓬”于诗人,是正比,而“归雁”于诗人则是反衬。在一派春光中,雁北归旧巢育雏,是得其所;诗人迎着漠漠风沙象蓬草一样飘向塞外,景况迥然不同。
五、六两句写景,境界阔大,气象雄浑。这一联由两个画面组成。第一个画面是大漠孤烟。置身大漠,展现在诗人眼前的是这样一副景象:黄沙莽莽,无边无际。昂首看天,天空没有一丝云影。不见草木,断绝行旅。极目远眺,但见天尽头有一缕孤烟在升腾,诗人的精神为之一振,似乎觉得这荒漠有了一点生气。那是烽烟,它告诉诗人,此行快要到目的地了。烽烟是边塞的典型景物,“孤烟直”,突出了边塞气氛。从画面构图的角度说。在碧天黄沙之间,添上一柱白烟,成为整个画面的中心,自是点睛之笔。《坤雅》:“古之烟火,用狼烟,取其直而聚,虽风吹之不斜。”清人赵殿成说:“亲见其景者,始知‘直’字之佳。”这又是从用字上说。
另一个画面是长河落日。这是一个特写镜头。诗人大约是站在一座山头上,俯瞰婉蜒的河道。时当傍晚,落日低垂河面,河水闪着粼粼的波光。这是怎样美妙的时刻啊!诗人只标举一个“圆”字,即准确地说出河上落日的景色特点。由于选取这样一个视角,恍然红日就出入于长河之中,这就平添了河水吞吐日月的宏阔气势,从而整个画面更显得雄奇瑰丽。
最后两句以事作结:询知都护此时所在,诗人的使命也即将完成。诗的收束,顺其自然。
这首诗虽是纪行,但或抒感慨,或叙异域风光,一路写来,自然天成。“长河”,“落日”一联极其出色,历来被传诵为写景的名句。
注释
[1]问边:慰问边塞将士。
[2]属国:典属国的简称,代指使臣,这里是王维自指。居延:东汉有居延属国。据《元和郡县志》:居延海在甘州张掖县东北(今属内蒙)。
[3]征蓬:随风飘飞的蓬草。
[4]萧关:在今甘肃固原东南。候骑(读ji计)骑马的巡逻兵。
[5]都护:都护府的最高行政长官,诗中指河西节度使。燕然:山名。后汉车骑将军窦宪破匈奴,登燕然山刻石纪功。诗中指河西军得胜。
注 对“烟”的不同理解:有人认为是烽烟,有人认为是炊烟
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