作文题目:数千古风流人物。希望有大神帮忙写个提纲开头和结尾详写的麻烦了200字,最好要曹操的谢谢求
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两千年前,太史公司马迁读《孟子》,至梁惠王问“何以利吾国”,遂废书而叹。老先生所叹者,是以为利乃乱之始也。两千年后,我读《孟子》,也不禁废书而叹。我所叹者,是前贤亚圣孟子身上的那股咄咄逼人的英武之气和沛然淋漓的阳刚之气。人说:大哉孔子!我则想说:英哉孟子!天地间一伟丈夫,真男人也。
读《论语》与读《孟子》,感受迥然有别。前者循循善诱,吉光片羽,如雨露之养,时风之化,是典型的温柔敦厚的儒雅风范;而后者口若悬河,滔滔汩汩,其势不可当,“其锋不可犯”(苏洵),雄辩无碍,一泻千里。孔子更多的时候是教育自己的三千弟子,故心平气和,大言炎炎,诲人不倦,在人们眼里是一个“至圣先师”、蔼然仁者。孟子更多的是向不可一世的君王陈说自己的为政之道,故尔常常踔厉风发、意态亢昂,有时甚至带有火气,言辞犀利,显露出十足的刚直不阿、磊落恢弘的大思想家的个性,有一种睥睨王者的人格风范和精神气度。尽管在礼崩乐坏的春秋战国时代,诸侯为争霸天下,莫不纷纷采取功利主义的攻伐之术,以为孟子的“仁政”治国方略“迂远而阔于事情”,也即见效太慢而不肯采纳,但在孟子义正辞严的强大思想攻势下,不能不一时心悦诚服。而孟子并不为了让君王接受自己的政见而屈尊阿附,他无意于取媚讨欢,弄个一官半职干干。他不仅没有丝毫的奴颜媚骨,反而常常直刺君王的痛处,陷这些愚不可及的家伙们于尴尬难堪的境地,不得不“王顾左右而言他”。每读书至这样的段落,便情不自禁再三嗟叹:孟子孟子,何其智勇!孔老夫子曾批评他的学生子路过于勇,而他的嫡传弟子孟轲,其勇较之于子路则更胜一筹。儒家提倡温良恭俭让、仁义礼智信,不讲勇,但是,勇,实在该是男人的本色啊!
不知怎么回事,一提起文人书生,就是一副文弱、寒酸、迂阔的窝囊相,让人“不足观”,不大瞧得起。然而,在文人老祖宗孟子身上能寻出半点窝囊的影子吗?他若知道后世文人把自身形象糟蹋成那种样子,肯定会怒发冲冠,大骂子孙不肖的。孟子实在是为后辈文人树立了刚直英武的楷模。男人的形象不只让剑客游侠武装专美,文人亦男人也。《孟子》中记载,一次,孟子要去朝见齐王,齐王正好派人对孟子说:“寡人本应去拜访你,但不巧感冒了,怕风吹,如果你能来朝,我可以接见你。”孟子一听这话,反而不想去了,于是回答说:“刚好我也病了,不能上朝见王。”第二天,孟子却到东郭大夫家吊丧。公孙丑说:“你昨天托辞有病,今天却去吊丧,这样不太好吧?”孟子理直气壮地说:“昨天病了,可今天好了,为什么不能去吊丧?”以臣子的身份公然与君王较劲,没有一身的正气、骨气、胆气是不行的。孟子曾引一位勇士的话说道:“彼,丈夫也;我,丈夫也;吾何畏彼哉?”用今天的话说,就是:都是男人,谁怕谁呀!又有一次,孟子离开齐国,在昼邑歇宿。一个人想替齐王挽留孟子,便大模大样端坐着跟孟子说话,孟子不理他,趴在几上装睡,那人很不高兴,孟子就坦率地教训他:对一个年长的老头子应该懂得礼数!在孟子看来,一些峨冠博带的君王,只不过是贪财、好色的草包蠢货,或者是率兽食人的独夫民贼,哪里值得老百姓仰望尊敬?!故天将降大任于斯人,“当今之世,舍我其谁也?”英雄气概,溢于言表。孔子制定的君君臣臣父父子子的纲常礼数,孟子并未昏愚地全盘接受,他提出:民为贵,君为轻。他遗世独立,傲岸宏达,凛然不可侵犯,完全不把一些平庸的君王放在眼里。
相对于孔子的“君子”学说,孟子给中国传统文化人格增添了一个意义深远的概念:大丈夫。“富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈,此之谓大丈夫。”丈夫者,男子汉也;大者,巍巍乎崇高也,“充实而有光辉之谓大”。一怒而天下惧并非真正的大丈夫,蛮勇斗狠、奸诈残忍、蝇营狗苟、见利忘义之徒更难望大丈夫项背。真正的大丈夫是光明磊落的人,是意志坚定的人,是富有仁德的人,是胸怀宽广的人。大丈夫人格的获得,孟子有一秘诀:善养浩然之气。何谓“浩然之气”?他说这种“气”“至大至刚,以直养而无害,则塞于天地之间”。这是一种崇高刚强的正气,一种不可势压利诱的骨气,一种超迈雄放的豪气,一种无所畏惧的勇气,一种宏毅坚定的志气。孟子这一特点,是他的精神导师孔子所不及的。宋代理学家朱熹说:“孟子有些英气。”近人林语堂说:“我们读孟子,可使顽夫廉,懦夫有立志。”
孟子尝云:穷则独善其身,达则兼济天下。这种苦心孤诣的教诲,一直使得后代文人们进退有据。不管身在魏阙,还是远处江湖,都不应失去了做人的立身根本,培养浩然正气。孟子身上那种有棱角、有个性的哲人风采、英俊气度、男人本色,成为一条汲之不尽的文化源泉,更行更远还生。
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