英语的时态

英语动词的时态
1． 一般现在时
一般现在时的形式
是以动词的原形表示的，当主语为第三人称单数时，做谓语的动词原形后要加上词尾-s or -es, 其构成方式列表如下：
情况 构成 例词
一般情况 词尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的词 词尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes
以辅音字母+Y 结尾的词 变Y为I，再加-es Tries, carries

但是，动词to be 和to have 的一般现在时的形式特殊如下：
一般动词的词形变化 To be 的词形变化 To have 的词形变化
I know it I am a student I have a pen.
You know it. You are a student You have a pen
He (she) knows it. He (she) is a student. He (she)has a pen.
We (you,they) know it. We (you,they) are students. We (you,they) have pens.

一般现在时的功用

1. 表示一直发生的事情，经常发生的动作：
2. 表示客观事实或者真理：
3. 谈论时间表、旅程表等，如：
4. 谈论籍贯、国籍等，如：
5. 询问或者引用书籍、通知或新近接到的信笺内容，如：

一般过去时

一般过去时是表示在说话时间以前发生的动作或者状态的动词时态，它是英语时态体系中最重要的时态之一。
1) 一般过去时规则动词的构成形式：
规则动词在其原形后面加-ed:
to work-worked
以字母e结尾的规则动词，只加-d:
to love---loved
对所有人称均无词形变化。
否定式均由did not + 动词原形构成
I / you / he / she / they / we did not work.
疑问式均由 did + 主语 + 动词原形 构成
拼写注意：
情况 变化 例词
动词为单音节，以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写，再加-ed Stop-stoppedAdmit-admitted
以y结尾的动词，在y 前为辅音字母时 Y 变为 I ,加 - ed Carry -carriedHurry -hurried
以y 结尾的动词，在y 前为元音字母时 加-ed Obey-obeyedEnjoy---enjoyed

在英语当中有一部分动词的过去式变化形式是不规则的，这类动词被称为不规则动词。总数大概不过200多个，但是使用频率很高。主要分成三类：

1》 第一类不规则动词的三种形式同形，如：
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hurt hurt hurt
shut shut shut
set set set
注意，有些动词的过去式与过去分词有两中形式，如：
bet bet / betted bet / betted
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted
2》 第二类不规则动词的过去式和过去分词同形，如：
bend bent bent
bring brought brought
catch caught caught
hide hid hid / hidden
get got got/ gotten(AmE)
lead led led
3》 第三类不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同，如：
原形 过去式 过去分词
begin began begun
break broke broken
forbid forbade forbidden
grow grew grown
ring rang rung
wake woke / waked woken / waked
此外还有少数不规则动词的过去分词与原形相同，如：
come came come
become became become
run ran run

一般过去时的功用
1） 表示一个没指明具体时间的过去的行动，如：
2) 表示在过去特定的时间结束的行动，如：
3) 表示过去的习惯

现在完成时的形式
现在完成时由to have 的现在时+过去分词构成：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式 否定疑问式
I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? Have I not worked?
You have worked You havenot worked Have you worked? Have you not worked?
He (she)has worked. He(she)has not worked. Has he(she) worked? Has he(she) not worked?
We(you / they) have worked. We (you / they) have not worked. Have we (you / they) worked? Have we (you / they) not worked?

紧缩形式

现在完成时的功用
现在完成时可以说成是兼有现在与过去意义的一种复合时态。它与现在有密切联系，如：
------Oh,dear, I’ve forgotten her name.
和现在的联系就是 I don’t remember her name now.
------Fort has gone to Canada.
和现在的联系就是 He is not here. He is in Canada now.

1) 表示延续到现在的动作 （有时是总计做了多少次等）。
How many times have you been to the United States?
She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times.
Tom has lived in Now York all his life.

2) 表示开始与过去而在说话时刻结束的行动，如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了。（说话时刻已经见到了）
This room hasn’t been cleaned for months. (也许从说话开始时刻就要打扫它了)

3) 表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响

4) 和最高级连用，表示到现在为止是最……的
5) 和句型 This is the first time…, It’s the first time 连用
6) 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副词连用
7）与since 连用，since 表示与某一时刻或从句连用，表示“从那一刻到说话时为止”，它总是与完成时连用，如：
She has been here since 6 o’clock.
He hasn’t been himself since the accident. （那次事故后，他从未完全康复）
Since I was a child I have lived in England.

一般过去时与现在完成时的比较

1） 过去时仅仅表示过去，现在完成时还表示与现在的关系，如：
2) 与现在无关的或者过去很久的历史事件不能用现在完成时
3)如果说明动作有特定的过去时间，就不能用现在完成时，如：
询问某事发生的具体时间或者地点时（when , what time, where）, when , what time, where）, 用一般过去时
比较：

Have you see Ann this moring? ( 说话时仍为上午)
Did you see Ann this morning? ( 说话时为下午)

Jack has lived in London for six years. 还在伦敦住
Jack lived in London for six years. 先不住伦敦了

I have never played golf in my life.
I didn’t play golf when I was on holiday last summer.

现在进行时

现在进行时是由助动词to be 的现在时 + 现在分词构成：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I am working.You are working.He (she) is working.We (you,they) are working. I am not working.You are not working.He (she) is not working.We (you,they) are not working. Am I working?Are you working?Is he (she) working?Are we (you,they) working?

现在分词的构成，是在动词原形上加-ing, 但是应该注意：
情况 变化 例词
动词以单个e 结尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing
动词以 -ee结尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing
动词为单音节：以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写，再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping
动词为双音节或者多音节：最后一个音节为重读音节，以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写，再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting
以 y 结尾的动词 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying

现在进行时的功用
1） 表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m studying.
Let’s get out. It isn’t raining any more.

2) 表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行的动作，但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作
Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house.
David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.
这些动作，在说话时并不一定在发生或进行，而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的。
3）表示最近的确定的安排
Ann is coming tomorrow.
Oh, is she? What time is she arriving?
At 10:15.
Are you meeting her at the station?
I can’t. I’m working tomorrow morning.
以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式来表示。但是谈论已确定的安排时候，用现在进行时态显得更加自然，除非受到动词的功能的限制。在此，切不可用will, 如：
Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married.

4) 和always 连用表示某种情绪，可能是厌烦也可能是赞扬
有些动词是表示一种状态而不是动作，一般不用于进行时。

一般现在时和现在进行时的比较

一般现在时表示的是一般、重复的动作或者事情
现在进行时表示说话时或说话前后正在发生的动作或事情，如：
Tom plays tennis every Sunday.
Where’s Tom? -------He is playing tennis.

What do you do? 你是干什么工作的？
What are you doing here? 你在这里干什么？

一般现在时是表示经久的情况，而现在进行时表示的是暂时的，如：
My parents live in Shanghai. They have been there for 50 years.
She’s living with some friends until she can find an apartment.

过去进行时
过去进行时的构成形式为：
I / he /she was
We / they / you were + 动词的现在分词

过去进行时的功用
1） 表示在过去某个时间后者某段时间正在进行的动作，如：
When I rang him up, he was having dinner.
This time last year I was living in Shanghai.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?

2) 过去进行时和一般过去时连用，表示在一个动作发生的过程中，发生了另一个动作，如：
It was raining when I got up.
I fell asleep when I was watching television.

3) 过去一般时所说明的动作是已经完成的，而过去进行时不表示正在进行的动作一定会完成，如：
Tom was cooking the dinner.
Tom cooked the dinner.

现在完成进行时
其构成形式如下：
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词
功用如下：
1） 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.

3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.

4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
回答者：zky0249 - 经理 四级 7-4 07:40
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一般现在时是讲一般发生的事情，常和频率副词一起。如：She cleans her bedroom every day.
一般过去时是讲过去发生的事情，过去的了，和现在没有一点关系。如：She cleaned her bedroom yesterday.
现在进行时则是现在进行的。构成：be+动词-ing。如：She is cleaning her bedroom now.
过去进行时则与现在进行时差不多。构成:be的过去式+动词的ing.如：They were talking loudly.
现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)

1. 动作发生于一个非确定的过去的时间(过去的时间并不重要或根本不知道),但它的结果仍对现在有影响.

I have read the letter, and I know what it is about.

2. 动作发生在过去,目前仍在继续或刚刚结束, 常和 "for" 加上 "一段时间", 或"since" 加上"一个确切的过去的时间" 连用.

a) "for" 用于过去的一段时间. (动词必须是可以延续的)

He has been there for six months. 她去那儿有6个月了。

(直到现在)

He went there 6 months ago.

He has never been there. 他从来都没去过那里。(直到现在)

b) "since" 用于过去的一个确切的时间, 意思是"从那时一直到现在", 总是和完成

时一齐用, 而且不能省略. (主句动词必须是可以延续的)

Tim has been in Nantong since January. 自从1月份以来他一直都在南通。(现在仍在南通)

注意: "since" 后面的确切的过去的时间也可以是一个含有过去时的从句.

He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child.

他打小时侯起就对收集硬币感兴趣。（现在还是如此）

c) 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)

Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。

I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。

3. 刚刚完成的动作.

I've just got a letter from my brother.

4. "already" 用于现在完成时的肯定句中, "yet" 用于现在完成时的否定句和疑问句中

He has (already) visited many places in China. (already)

He has come back now. Have you ever been to Australia?

注意 "already" 在句中的两种位置.

The train hasn't arrived yet.火车（到现在）还没有到。

Has she arrived yet? 她已经到了吗？Hasn't he come yet? 她还没来吗？

I haven't been very successful so far.我一直都没有成功。

注意: "have been"（去过） 和 "have gone"（去了） 的区别:

He has gone to Beijing . (He is there or is on his way there.)

He has been to Shanghai . (He was there once, but he is not there now.)

5. 当现在完成时句中无时间状语, 它只是指一个简单的已经完成的动作

I've cleaned the sitting-room. 我已把起居室打扫过了。(已完成了工作)

6. 现在完成时可以用来表示一个反复发生的动作.

He has rung me up five times today. (五次分隔的行为)

8. 一般过去时(常带有确切的表示过去的时间状语)和现在完成时的比较:

When did you stay at this hotel?

I stayed here five years ago.

Have you ever stayed at this hotel?

Yes, I've stayed here twice. (无确切的过去的时间状语)

Yes, I stayed here for two months. (过去的一段时间, 我已不在那儿.)

Yes, I stayed here five years ago. (有确切的过去的时间状语)

How long have you been staying at this hotel?仍在这儿)

9. 通常和现在完成时一起用的副词:

I have just got a letter from my brother.

He has already bought an American car and has gone to the U.S.A.

He has been there for six months so far.

Mother has never been abroad before.

常和完成时连用的副词和实践短语：

already, yet, just, ever, never, before

today, now, this morning, this week, these days, in the past two years

for three hours, for two weeks, for years, for a long time

since three o'clock, since last Tuesday, since 1980, since then

since he came here, since we began to learn English

II. Put the following into Chinese and tell out the difference between them:

1. I have seen the film. I saw it last night.

2. The plane has not arrived yet. It will arrive soon.

3. Where have you been? I have been to the library.

What did you do there? I returned some books.

4. Where is Xiao Li? He has gone to the playground.

5. What are you doing now? I am reading a book on radio.

How many pages have you read? About thirty.

6. How long have you been a Party member?

I have been a Party member for five years. I joined the Party five years ago.

7. She has learned English since 1981. (for ten years)

8. I haven't seen him since he went to the north.

III. Complete the sentences, using "for" and "since":

1. we, study, English, (five years, 1982)

2. nobody, write, to us, (National Day, almost a month)

3. it, not rain, (a long time, October)

4. i, not play, football, (last Sunday, a week)

5. he, work, in this factory, (more than ten years, 1976)

IV. Ask questions about the underlined parts:

1. Miss Brown has lived in China for ten years.

2. They have found a tortoise on the river bank.

3. We have visited the factory twice.

4. A famous scientist has just come to our school.

5. I have bought a Chinese-English Dictionary.

6. He has made ten model planes since morning.

V. Complete the following, and then give short answers:

1. Have you _______________________________ ?

be to the bookshop do your homework

return the book to him write to her

2. Has she _________________________________?

go to see the doctor borrow the magazines

clean the classroom read the story

3. How many ___________________ have you __________________ ?

learn English songs do maths exercises

built new houses take photos

4. How long has his brother _____________________ ?

study Russian stay in Beijing

be a League member teacher of this school

PS:
哈哈～
简单的说就是不同时间用不同时态
发生在过去的用过去时
发生在过去的过去的用过去完成时
发生在现在的用一般现在时或正在进行时
发生在将来的就用将来时！～～

你说对不对啊星尘妹妹～ ^~

英语的时态（tense）j是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。

下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述，其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。

一、 一般现在时：

1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,

3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S）

4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。

6.例句：. It seldom snows here.

He is always ready to help others.

Action speaks louder than words.

二、 一般过去时：

1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.

3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词

4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。

6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.

I didn't know you were so busy.

三、 现在进行时：

1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.

3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing

4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.

5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。

6.例句： How are you feeling today?

He is doing well in his lessons.

四、 过去进行时：

1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

3.基本结构：was/were+doing

4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.

5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。

6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.

When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.

五、 现在完成时：

1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.

3.基本结构：have/has + done

4.否定形式：have/has + not +d one.

5.一般疑问句：have或has。

6.例句：I've written an article.

It has been raining these days.

六、 过去完成时：

1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。

2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.

3.基本结构：had + done.

4.否定形式：had + not + done.

5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。

6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.

By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books

七、 一般将来时：

1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.

3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.

4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。

6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.

It is going to rain.

八、 过去将来时：

1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。

2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.

3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.

4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.

5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。

6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.

I asked who was going there .

几种常见时态的相互转换

英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：

一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换

在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：

A. He joined the League two years ago.

B. He has been in the League for two years.

C. It is two years since he joined the League.

D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.

二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换

在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：

Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.

Peter is working, but Mike is playing.

三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换

在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：

The train is leaving soon.

The train will leave soon.

四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换

“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：

We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.