文言文特殊句式

2025-02-25 09:45:17
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

原文出自北宋 苏洵《六国论》中的内容,原文应是“其势弱于秦”.而原文的语法构成是:
其势:定中短语,充当主语;弱:形容词,充当谓语;于秦:介宾短语,由于介词“于”的述词“弱”是形容词,因此这里的于宾短语“于秦”是表比较对象的补语,而并非是状语后置.
所以,“其势弱于秦”的大意是:他们的势力比秦国弱小.

另及:文言文中的状语后置,是文言文的一种语法现象.关于这个问题,现代学者李佐丰在他著作的《古汉语语法学》中,专门讲了文言文中介宾短语充当状语,为什么要后置为介宾补语的道理,并介绍说:在介宾短语中,“以”字介宾表示与物、工具时最常由状语改变为补语,这种变化常见于以下四种原因造成.

1)述语的结构不复杂,“以”宾短语比较复杂,大多置于动词之后.例如:
○《国语·晋语二》:又重之以寡君之不禄,丧乱并臻.
(加上与敝国国君去世之事重叠发生,丧亡祸乱接踵并至.)
本例中以宾短语“以寡君之不禄”表与物,充当述语“重之”的与物状语,因其复杂而置于谓语之后,改为与物补语.即以宾短语由原来限定谓语“重”变为补充说明谓语“重”.“以”可译为:与.注意:本例中,以宾短语“以寡君之不禄”所表示的与物是事,而非物!
○《左传·僖公二十三年》:及宋,宋襄公赠之以马二十乘.
(等(重耳)到达宋国,宋襄公把八十匹马送给他.)
本例中以宾短语“以马二十乘”表与物,充当述语“赠之”的与物状语,因其复杂而置于述语之后,改与与物状语作补语.“以”可译为:把.“及宋”是及宾短语充当全句的主语,表时间.“及”可译为:等.

2)述语中用“之”等代词作宾语时,为了使“之”接近指代的对象,“以”宾短语可以后置为补语.例如:
○《论语·先进》:千乘之国,摄乎大国之间,加之以师旅,因之以饥馑.
(拥有上千辆兵车的国家,夹持在大国的中间,而大国拿战争威胁施压屈服它,拿灾害饥荒使它相就.)
本例中用在介词“以”前的“之”指代“千乘之国”,为了使他称代词“之”在位置上,接近所指代的对象“千乘之国”,以宾短语“以师旅”和“以饥馑”充当动词“加”和“因”的状语,表工具,后置为补语.“以”可译为:拿.乎宾短语“乎大国之间”表处所,“乎”可译为:在.
○《孟子·梁惠王上》:五亩之宅,树之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣.
(在五亩大的宅园中,把桑树种在宅园,五十岁以上的老人都可以穿上丝绵衣服.)
本例中用在“以”前的“之”指代“五亩之宅”,为了使代词“之”在位置上,接近指代的对象,“以”宾短语充当动词“树”的状语,表与物,后置为补语.以宾短语“以桑”表与物,“以”可译为:把.

3)把本该用在动词之前的状语,移到动词之后,这种句式的改变,有突出或强调“以”宾短语的作用.例如:
○《国语·楚语上》:屈到嗜芰,有疾,召其宗老而属之,曰“祭我必以芰.”
(屈到喜欢吃菱角,生病时,叫来他的宗老并叮嘱他们,说:“一定要用菱角祭祀我.”)
本例中的屈到喜欢吃菱角,就要求祭祀他的时候一定要用菱角.后来他的儿子不用,并以此展开文章.这里的“芰”是作者加以突出的事物,所以用在动词之后.以宾短语“以芰”表与物,“以”可译为:用.
○《国语·周语下》:且吾闻成公之生也,其母梦神规其臀以墨.
(况且我听说成公出世时,他母亲梦见神人在他的屁股上打上黑记.)
本例中的以宾短语“以墨”本该用在动词“规”之前做状语,后移到动词“规”之后,是为了强调“以墨”的作用,因为这位成公后来就叫“黑臀”.

4)在对偶、排比句中,也可以把“以”字介宾放在后面.例如:
○《国语·晋语九》:道之以文,行之以顺,勤之以力,致之以死.
(用文德引导他,用道理规范他,用精力效劳他,用生命奉献他)
本例中“以”宾短语是对偶,所以“以”宾短语作补语.以宾短语均表工具,可译为“用”.
○《左传·昭公五年》:道之以训辞,奉之以旧法,考之以先王.
(用古圣先贤的言语引导他,用旧时的法度奉承他,用先王的事例考核他)
本例中的“以”宾短语是排比,所以“以”宾短语作补语.以宾短语均表工具,可译为“用”.

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