什么情况下用主动形式表被动意义?

2024-12-01 03:23:10
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

一、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义  

1、某些表示内在品质和性能的不及物动词的非进行体形式,如簂ock(锁), open(开), clean(弄干净, move(移动), wash(洗), sell(卖), write(写), weigh(称重), measure(量), read(读),shut(关), break(打碎), ride(骑), wear(穿), add up(加起来)等等, 句中往往用物作主语,且与一个行为方式状语(常用作行为方式状语的副词有:well, easily, long, fast, smoothly, rough等等)连或用于否定,表示某物展示出的该动作的某一特性,该特性促使动作得以实现或难以实现。例如: 

Glass breaks easily. 玻璃易打碎。  

My pen writes smoothly. 我的钢笔好写。  

This kind of car sells very well. 这种车销路很好。 

The material won’t wear. 这种材料不经久耐用。 

The door won’t lock. 门锁不上。  

注意:如果强调人为动作时,作及物动词用,可用被动态。如: 

These books have long been sold out. 这些书早就卖完了 。 

My watch was broken when I fell over. 我跌倒时手表摔坏了。  

The address must be written on the envelope. 地址一定写在信封上。 

2、某些谓语动词的进行体(主要是现在进行体)形式,这种句子的主语都是物,常见的这些动词有:do,

cook, print, copy, fill, build, work out, sell等。例如:  

What is doing over there? 那边在干什么?  

The bread is baking. 面包在烤。  

The newspaper is printing. 报纸在印刷。  

The plan is working out successfully. 计划在胜利实施。  

注意:这种结构是早期英语遗留下来的一种用法,主要出现在某些日常用语和某些行业专门用语中,切不可随意滥用。  

3、某些表状态的联系动词,如 look, smell, taste, feel, sound等等,它通常以形容词作表语,一般不跟副词,不与to be连用。  

Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸起来很柔软。  

He looks blue. 他显得神情沮丧。  

This dish tastes delicious. 这道菜味道鲜美。  

His conclusion sounded reasonable. 他的结论听起来很合理。  

4、某些表示“发生”、“传播”的不及物动词,如:happen, occur, arise, turn up, take place,break out, spread等等。例如:  

Great changes have taken place in China since the opening to outside world.自从改革开放以来,中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。  

A great fire broke out in London in 1666. 1666年伦敦发生了一场大火。  

二.非谓语动词的主动形式表被动含义  

1)作定语用的不定式:  

a. 该不定式与被修饰的名词、代词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且与句中主语或另一名词、代词有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如:  

I have a book to read. (read与book有逻辑上的动宾关系,I 与read有逻辑上的主谓关系)  

Can you give me something to read? (read 与something有逻辑上的动宾关系,me与read有逻辑上的主谓关系)  

Mother always gives her little son some toys to play with. (play with 与some toys有逻辑上的动宾关系,her little son 与play with有逻辑上的主谓关系)  

b. 尽管句中找不到不定筛的逻辑主语,但该不定筛与被修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系,隐含“for sb.

to do”结构的意思:例如:  

This is a difficult question to answer. ( for us / you to answer) 这是一难以回答的问题。 

This is the best book to read. (for us / you to read) 这是一本最好阅读的书。  

This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience. (for us / you to exchange) 这将是一个交流经验的好机会。  

c. 在”with +o. + to do” 结构中。例如:  

With nothing to do, I sat down to watch TV. 由于无事可做,我便坐下看电视。  

He can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.由于有这么多衣服要洗,所以他出去不了。  

注意:在 “There be”结构中,用来修饰主语的不定式可以是主动式,也可以是被动式,口语中多用主动式。例如:  

There is so much work to do. (=to be done) 有那么多活儿要干。  

There is no time to lose. (=to be lost)再也不能耽误时间了。  

如果与句中主语、另一名词或代词无逻辑主谓关系,仍用被动式。例如: 

Have you anything to be taken to   Beijing  ? (you与take无主谓关系)你有什么东西需要带到北京去吗?  

There is only a reason for the book to be published? (the book与publish为动宾关系而不是主谓关系)这是该书出版的唯一理由。  

2)作状语用的不定式  

这种不定式作状语修饰作表语用的形容词,其逻辑宾语是作主语的名词, 友人称之为反射不定式。例如: 

The sentence is very difficult to understand.  

The problem is easy to solve.这个问题易于解决。  

The work is impossible to finish without your help. 没有您的帮助,这项工作不可能完成。 

这类形容词有:difficult, hard, easy, heavy, important, interesting, pleasant, nice,good,

impossible, strange等等。

注意:形容词long, short, high, low等后接不定式主动表被动时,其前必须加too 或在其后加enough。例如:  

The poem is short enough to learn by heart. 这首诗很短能记住。  

The fence is too high to jump over. 篱笆太高,跳不过去。  

3)作表语用的不定式  例如:  

The house is to let.此房招租。(广告用语)  

He is to blame. 他该受到责备。  

4)某些动词有-ing形式,如need(需要), want (需要),require (需要),stand (忍受,多用于否定),

bear (经受,多用于否定)等,而句子主语 (一般为物)为-ing分词的逻辑宾语。例如:  

The house needs cleaning. (= to be cleaned) 房子需要打扫。  

The car wants repairing. (=to be repaired) 这车需要修理。  

She cant stand laughing at. 她不能忍受被嘲笑。  

除stand, bear外,其余的可用不定式被动式替代。注意比较:  

I want to go there. 我不想去那里。  

I don’t want to be examined. 我不想接受检查。  

5)形容词worth (值得)后的-ing形式  例如:  

The Great Wall is worth seeing.  

The question is worth discussing. 这个问题值得讨论。  

注意比较:The question is worthy of being discussed. (=to be discussed) 这个问题值得讨论。 

6)介词past(超过), in need of (需要)后的-ing形式  例如:  

The trousers are past mending. 裤子无法缝补。  

This worker’s books are past my understanding.这位作家的作品我无法理解。

Your coat is in need of washing.你的衣服需要洗了。  

This new railway is still under construction . 这条新铁路仍在建设中。  

本句中的under construction “正在建设中”。介词under构成的短语,如果它的宾语是表示动作的名词,

通常含有被动意义,意为“在……过程中”。它可改换为被动语态。但介词结构使句子言简意赅,避免过多

地使用被动语态。这种介词短语在句中常作表语,也可作补足语或定语。例如:  

Your suggestion is still under discussion .     你的建议正在讨论中。  

He is said to be under arrest for stealing .     据说他由于偷窃被捕了。 

The house under repair is our classroom building .  正在修建的房屋是我们的教学楼。  

常见的这类under短语还有:under attack在进攻中,under arrest在关押中,under consideration在考虑

中,under construction在建设中,under contact在联系中,under discussion在讨论中,under

examination在审查中,under investigation在调查中,under repair在修理中,under review在审议中

under treatment在医治中,under trial在受审中  

还有一些介词,如in , on , for , above , beyond , past , out of , within等,也可以构成表示动作的介词短语。如:  

The writer has finished writing his novel but it is not yet in print . (= …being printed) 作

者已经写完了他的小说,但尚未出版。  

Grapes from XinJiang are on sale . (=…to be rented)    还有两间房出租。

His virtue is above all praise . (=…can’t be praised completely) 他的美德赞颂不尽。  

The fellow’s insolence is beyond endurance . (=…can’t be endured) 这家伙傲慢无礼,叫人受不了。  

His car was out of control . (=…could not be controlled)那部汽车失去了控制。  

The pain was almost past bearing . (=…couldn’t be borne) 痛得简直受不了。  

The city is already within sight . (=…can be seen already) 城市已经望得见了。(在视野之中)