石油和天然气分布在一起吗,二者的分布有何区别和联系呢

2025-04-04 02:37:52
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回答1:

石油和天然气

1 .石油和天然气的概念

石油(petroleum)是以液态形式存在于地下岩石空隙中的可燃有机矿产,是一种成分复杂的碳氢化合物的混合物。天然石油(又称原油)一般是黑绿色、棕色、黑色或浅黄色的油脂状液体。石油的密度在0.75—0.98之间。颜色愈深,相对密度愈大,相对密度大于0.9的称为重质油;颜色浅,相对密度小于0.9的称为轻质油。石油不溶于水,但溶于有机溶液中。石油具有荧光性,在紫外光照射下产生荧光,据此可作为鉴定岩石是否含油的标志。石油的电阻率极高,在测井工作中,用作寻找油藏和确定生油层的依据。石油的化学成分很复杂,主要由多种碳氢化合物混合而成。纯粹由碳和氢两种元素组成的化合物,叫碳氢化合物,简称为烃。石油除烃类组成外,还有硫、氯、氧等非烃类物质,它们对石油质量的影响很大。硫在石油中是一种有害成分,它会腐蚀炼油设备,降低石油产品质量。原油中含硫量小于0.5%者为低硫原油,大于0.5%的叫高硫原油。

天然气(nalural gas)是指储集在地下岩石空隙中的以烃类为主的可燃性气体。它们基本组成是甲烷,其次是乙烷、丙烷和丁烷等,还有少量的液态烃类和微量的非烃类组分,如N2、CO2、H2S等。天然气无色无味,当含一定量的H2S时会有臭味,相对密度在0.6—1.5之间,发热量在33.49×10-6—54.33×10-6J/m3之间。在高温、高压下天然气易溶于石油中,一吨石油可溶解数十到数百立方米的天然气,从而降低石油的粘度,减小毛细管力,使石油容易在地层中流动。

2 .石油和天然气的成因

大多认为石油和天然气是由大量有机质转化而来。一切有机物质均可作为石油的原始物质,包括高等植物在内。有机质中的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物等都有可能转化为石油的物质成分。这些生物遗体和泥砂一起沉积在湖、海底部,逐渐形成有机质淤泥。然后在一定的物理化学因素和地质作用下转化为石油和天然气。

石油和天然气形成的地质条件主要取决于:具有大量的有机物质来源;有利的还原环境;要有促使有机质转化为石油的温度、压力以及细菌作用的影响等。油气的形成实际上是去氧、加氢、富碳的一种化学过程,因此温度和压力是重要因素。随着有机物质的埋深加大,当温、压升高到50—150℃,30—70Mpa时,或深度在1.5km以上时,就有大量的烃类物质产生。因而,长期稳定下沉的深坳陷是形成石油的主要有利条件。浅海特别是泻湖、海湾和三角洲的集水盆地及潮湿气候区的广阔湖盆是有利的生油环境。

3 .油气藏的形成

油气藏是油气聚集的基本单位,是油气勘探的对象。石油和天然气在形成初期呈分散状态,存在于生油气地层中,它们必须经过迁移、聚集才能形成可供开采的工业油气藏。这就需要具备一定的地质条件。这些条件概括为:“生、储、盖、圈、运、保”六个字。

生油气层:是指具备生油条件的含油气的地层。它富含有机质,是还原环境下沉积的,结构细腻、颜色较深,主要由泥质岩类和碳酸盐类岩石组成。生油气层可以是海相的,也可以是陆相的。另外生油气层迁必须具备一定的地质作用过程,即达到成熟,才能有油气的形成。

储层:是能够储存石油和天然气,又能输出油气的岩层,它具有良好的空隙度和渗透率,通常由砂岩、石灰岩、白云岩及裂隙发育的页岩、火山岩及变质岩构成。

盖层:指覆盖于储油气层之上、渗透性差、油气不易穿过的岩层,它起着遮挡作用,以防油气外逸。页岩、泥岩、蒸发岩等是常见的盖层。

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