给我讲解一下定语从句

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。

一、 限定性定语从句

1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略

4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句

6. when引导定语从句表示时间

〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.

I still remember the first time I met her.

Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.

7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格

8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

3. 有时as也可用作关系代词

4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.

一.定语从句及相关术语

1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词

关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。

关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。

二.关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who指人，在从句中做主语

(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。

(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.

注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。

(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略

(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语

(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.

whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替

(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导

(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.

(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.

(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.

(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等

(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)

(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)

2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)

(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)

(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)

(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词

(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

四．关系副词引导的定语从句

1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

(2) The time when we got together finally came.

2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语

(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语

(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,

(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.

五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句

形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开

意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除 是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整

译法上 翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…” 通常翻译成主句的并列句

关系词的使用上 A．做宾语时可省略 B。可用that

C．可用who代替whom A．不可省 B。不用that

C。不用who代替whom

限制性定语从句举例：

(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.

(2) China is a country which has a long history.

非限制性定语从句举例：

(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.

(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.

要注意区分以下几个句子的不同

(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.

他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）

(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.

他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）

难点分析

（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况

1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时

(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?

(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.

(3) All that can be done has been done.

(4) There is little that I can do for you.

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.

2. 当先行词被序数词修饰

(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

(1) This is the best film that I have seen.

4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时

(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,

(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.

当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/

5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时

(1) Who is the man that is standing there?

(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时

(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句

as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：

1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。

(1) He married her, as/which was natural.

(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.

2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思

(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.

(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.

(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.

(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.

注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which

(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.

3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as

(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.

(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.

(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.

注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

（三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。

(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.

(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句

(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don’t )

(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句

1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系

(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句

(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句

2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分

(1) The news he told me is true.

(2) The news that he has just died is true.

(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语

(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.

3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以

(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语

(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.

(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

摘自《简明英语语法》

在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：
限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .
为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。
They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。

非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。）
更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。
The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .
（此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ，computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为：
The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）卫星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成"一件事情）。太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。
The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是："这位老人只有一个儿子" 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：
The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了："这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作"。）那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。

一、限定性定语从句：

种类
先行词
关联词
例句
说明

定

语

从

句
（人）在从句中做主语或宾语

物

在从句中做主语或宾语

who

which

This is the doctor who saved the boy’s life .

这就是救了孩子生命的医生。

She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you .

她就是我要介绍给你的新学生

Please pass me the book which is lying on the table.

请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。

The novel which Tom bought is very interesting.

汤姆买的小说很有意思。

Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday?

你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗？
who在从句中做主语

whom在从句中做宾语，口语中who可以代替whom，也可以被省去，但做介词宾语时只能用whom

which在从句中做主语。

which充当宾语时可以省去。

which做介词宾语不可省

种类
先行词
关联词
例 句
说 明

定

语

从

句

人

或

物

的
whose
The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams

那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。

The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams.

The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.

那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。

=The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired
whose在从句中做定语

指某人的也可以用…of whom代替whose

指物时也可以用…of which 代替 whose

人

或
that
The woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang.

正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。

I’d like to see the films that are just on show.

我想看那些刚上映的电影。
that指人做主语

that指物做主语

种类
先行词
关联词
例 句
说 明

物

all, little much和some,any every ,no 构成的合成代词

人

或

物

that

that

They talked for about an hour of things and persons that they remember in the school.

他们谈起他们所记得起的学校里的人和事，谈了大约有半个小时。

I’ll tell you all(that )I know about it .

我要告诉你我所知道这件事的一切情况。

Is there anything (that) I can do for you?

有什么我可以帮助做的事吗？

I’ve brought everything (that )you need.

我把你需要的东西都拿来了。

This is the best film that I have seen .

这是我看过的最好的一部电影。

The first place that we’ll visit is Beijing Library.

我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆
先行词分别表示人和物，关系代词要用that，不用who或which

先行词表示物，关系代词用that不用which, 在从句中做宾语可省去 。如果先行词是人时，关系代词不受制约，用that或who (whom)

均可

先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时定语从句用that引导。

定

语

从

句

人

或

物
that
He is the only person that is believable.

他是唯一可靠的人。

John is the very person that she wants to see.

约翰正是她要见的人。

Who is the man that is talking with Tom ?

正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁？

Which of the books that you bought is easy to read?

你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。
先行词被the only, the very,the same 等修饰时用关系代词that.

当主句以who、which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that

时

间
when
He came at a time when we. needed him most.他在我们最需要的时候来了。

We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.

我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。
在定语从句中作时间状语

注：先行词是time, minute, moment, next tim很少用关系副词when,可用that 但通常省去。

地点
where
This is the room where he put up for the night.

这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。
在定语从句中作地点状语

原因

理由
why
I know the reason why she studies so well .

我知道她学习好的原因。
在定语从句中作原因状语

（2）非限制性定语从句

种类
先行词
关联词
例 句
说 明

非

限

制

性

定

语

从

句

人

物

没有固定的先行词而是一个句子

who

whom

which

which

as
George ,who is my classmate, has won a scholarship.

乔治获得了奖学金，他是我的同学。

Dr. Li , whom I know very well, will come here tomorrow.

李大夫明天将来这儿，我跟他很熟悉。

I gave him a New Year card ,which he enjoyed very much.

我给他一张贺年卡，他很喜欢它。

He studies hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life .

他年轻时在校学习努力，这导致了他后来生活中的成功。

He gets up early ，as is always his habit.

他总是早起床，这是他的习惯。

John was admitted into the college, as we had expected.

约翰被大学录取了，这是我们期待的。

The earth ,as is known to all ,is round.

人人皆知，地球是圆的。

who, whom不能省去，也不能用that代替

which指物，不可省去，也不能用that代替

which作主语指它前面的整个句子，不可用that代替，强调结果。

as指全句，在从句中做主语。

as指全句意思，在从句中做宾语。

as引导的定语从句可以放在句首，句中或句末。

This is the same book as I lost yesterday.

这本书与我昨天丢失的那本书一样。
用于the same… as, such… as ,as…as等结构中。

在句子中充当定语的从句。