美国“挑战者”号航天飞机失事的原因

2025-03-10 12:03:45
推荐回答(3个)
回答1:

美国挑战者号航天飞机失事

1986年1月28日,“挑战者”号航天飞机发射升空约75秒钟后,突然
爆炸,包括航天员密封座舱在内的轨道器被炸飞离外燃料箱,座舱以极
快的速度坠入大西洋,在水面上被击碎,座舱内七名航天员(包括女教师
麦考利夫在内)全部遇难。这次事故是航天史上的最大事故。也是损失最
大的一次航天事故,损失金额14亿美元,其中航天飞机12亿美元,携带
的卫星2亿美元。
事故发生后,美国出动了52架飞机、31艘船只、1艘核动力潜艇、2
艘常规潜艇、5艘无人驾驶潜水器和115名潜水员,进行了为时7个月的
搜索和打捞,共打捞了111,132千克重的残骸,其中有机组人员的座舱
残骸和助推火箭的连续环等。对事故原因的分析表明,“挑战者”发射
升空后,挂在外燃料箱上的一枚助推火箭的密封装置破裂,喷出火焰,
把装有液态氢燃料箱烧成一洞,引起燃料箱猛烈爆炸,造成了这次事
故。事故发生后,美国政府加速了第二代航天飞机的研制,以改善和加
强太空运载能力。第二代航天飞机“东方快车”可以在普通跑道上起
降,其发射费用仅为目前的二十分之一。这项计划需投资200亿美元

回答2:

军情解码回顾:张召忠解说“挑战者”号航天飞机失事原因是什么?

回答3:

航天飞机的固体助推火箭在制造时是一节一节的,组装后节与节间的缝隙用两个O型橡胶圈密封。当时由于温度过低,有两节之间的的两个O型橡胶圈都失效了,导致燃气外泄,固体助推器内部的高温燃气烧穿助推器壳,向外喷出。助推器是用上下两个支柱绑在燃料储箱两侧的,喷出的高温燃气正巧喷在下支柱上,烧断了支柱。此时助推器只有一个上支柱还与燃料储箱连接,尾部已无连接,因此尾部向外偏转,同时头部偏向燃料储箱。助推器头部撞漏了燃料储箱,使储箱中大量燃料外泄,遇高温燃气后爆炸,炸毁了储箱本身和航天飞机轨道器。燃料储箱炸毁后,两支助推器脱离储箱继续飞行,后由地面人员引爆自毁。
后来改进的助推器每处用三个O型橡胶圈密封

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