推荐回答（3个）
【离心泵的类型与选用】 (1)离心泵的类型： a、清水泵：适用于输送清水或物性与水相近、无腐蚀性且杂质较少的液体。例如：IS型离心泵； b、耐腐蚀泵：用于输送具有腐蚀性的液体‚接触液体的部件用耐腐蚀的材料制成‚要求密封可靠； c、油泵：输送石油产品的泵‚要求有良好的密封性； d、杂质泵：输送含固体颗粒的液体、稠厚的浆液‚叶轮流道宽‚叶片数少。 此外‚按吸入方式可分为单吸泵、双吸泵；按叶轮个数可分为单级泵；多级泵等。 (2)离心泵的选用 a、根据被输送液体的性质确定泵的类型； b、根据生产任务定流量‚所需压头由管路的特性方程定； c、根据所需流量和压头确定泵的型号： －查性能表或特性曲线‚要求流量和压头与管路所需相适应（或稍大一点）； －若几个型号都满足‚应选一个在操作条件下效率最高的。 【离心泵的构造及工作原理】 离心泵结构简单‚操作容易‚流量易于调节‚且能适用于多种特殊性质物料‚因此在工业生产中普遍被采用。 (1)离心泵的构造 a、叶轮：作用是将能量传给液体。按有无盖板分为开式、闭式和半开式； b、泵壳：作用是收集被叶轮抛出的液体‚并将部分动能转换成压强能； c、泵轴：作用是将电机的输出功传给叶轮。 (2)离心泵的工作原理 a、叶轮被泵轴带动旋转‚对位于叶片间的流体做功‚流体受离心力的作用‚由叶轮中心被抛向外围； b、泵壳汇集从各叶片间被抛出的液体‚这些液体在壳内顺着蜗壳形通道逐渐扩大的方向流动‚使流体的部分动能转化为压强能‚以减小输送过程中的能量损失； c、叶轮高速旋转‚迫使叶轮中心的液体以很高的速度被抛开‚从而在叶轮中心形成低压‚低位槽中的液体因此被源源不断地吸上。 “气缚现象”：如果离心泵在启动前壳内充满的是气体‚则启动后叶轮中心气体被抛时不能在该处形成足够大的真空度‚这样槽内液体便不能被吸上。这一现象称为气缚。为防止气缚现象的发生‚离心泵启动前要用外来的液体将泵壳内空间灌满。这一步操作称为灌泵。为防止灌入泵壳内的液体因重力流入低位槽内‚在泵吸入管路的入口处装有止逆阀（底阀）；如果泵的位置低于槽内液面‚则启动时无需灌泵。 d、泵内液体能量转换效率高叶轮外周安装导轮‚使。导轮是位于叶轮外周的固定的带叶片的环。这此叶片的弯曲方向与叶轮叶片的弯曲方向相反‚其弯曲角度正好与液体从叶轮流出的方向相适应‚引导液体在泵壳通道内平稳地改变方向‚使能量损耗最小‚动压能转换为静压能的效率高。 e、后盖板上的平衡孔消除轴向推力。离开叶轮周边的液体压力已经较高‚有一部分会渗到叶轮后盖板后侧‚而叶轮前侧液体入口处为低压‚因而产生了将叶轮推向泵入口一侧的轴向推力。这容易引起叶轮与泵壳接触处的磨损‚严重时还会产生振动。平衡孔使一部分高压液体泄露到低压区‚减轻叶轮前后的压力差。但由此也会此起泵效率的降低。
流量扬程不大时选择单级卧式离心泵，扬程高则选多级离心泵
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