推荐回答(4个)
最近在查阅烧结砖瓦发展史中发现,国外烧结建筑材料历史文献中“Terra cotta”一词频频出现,随即想到秦兵马俑也是用这一词来表示。此后翻阅了有关介绍秦兵马俑的英文书籍和宣传资料,发现有表示方法有: Terra- cotta warriors; The terra - cotta warrior and horses; The Terra Cotta Soldier Figures;Terra - cotta Army; Terra - cotta warriors, horses and chariots; Terra - cotta legions; Terra - cotta Figures; Terra - Cotta Soldiers; Terra- cotta figures; soldier and horse figures。
笔者认为,“Terra - cotta”这一词主要是表示烧结建筑材料———赤陶砖,该类赤陶砖是在完全氧化气氛条件下烧成的,具有不同程度红颜色的或带有装饰性图案的建筑用烧结块材。如由美国学者W. E. 布罗奈尔(W. E. Brownell)在1976年所著的《建筑粘土制品》( Structural Clay Products)一书中对这类产品给出了详细的说明。该书中对“Terra - cotta”这类建筑用的红色烧结产品在美国的发展历史进行了描述:“美国建筑用赤陶砖( architectural terra cotta) ,在经几次失败后, 1849年,以柏思安博的霍尔赤陶砖厂的建成为标志,开始了建筑用赤陶砖的生产。1879年,该厂与其他厂合并为柏思安博赤陶砖公司。早期赤陶砖用红色粘土和炻器粘土制造建筑赤陶砖复杂的装饰外表。”
为什么世界上这独一无二的秦兵马俑要引用常用于建筑材料的这一普通名词来表示? 笔者曾数次参观过秦兵马俑,而秦兵马俑是在确信无疑的还原气氛条件下烧结成的真人大小的军阵,不能用西方人概念中的画像砖或砖雕、建筑用红焙烧色砌块来描述这一世界奇迹。显然,秦兵马俑的原创目的与建筑毫无关系。
随后,笔者又查阅了《简明牛津词典》[ The Concise Oxford Dictionary (New Edition Sixth edition 1976. ) ] ,该词典对这一词的解释如下:“Terra cotta”通常是指不上釉的呈红褐色的细陶器,用于装饰性的建筑材料,并以雕像形式用于建筑上,陶器等;小雕像等。1978年国防工业出版社出版的清华大学所编《英汉技术词典》中对这一词的解释是:Terra - cotta[意大利语] n. 1)琉璃砖[瓦]; 2)空心[饰面]砖,陶砖[瓦]; 3)赤土[混合]陶器; 4)赤褐色,赤土(色) ,赤陶。1985年上海译文出版社出版的《新英汉词典》中对这一词的解释是:Terra - cotta n. 1) [制陶器等或建筑用的、上釉或无釉的]赤土,赤陶: a terra - cotta vase 赤陶花瓶; 2)赤褐色; 3)一种带褐色的柑子。1984年商务印书馆出版的《英华大词典》,修订第二版中对这一词的解释是:Terra - cotta n. 1)制陶赤土,赤土陶器。2)赤褐色。3)空心砖,琉璃砖。4)一种褐色的柑子。1990年上海译文出版社出版的《德汉词典》中: TERRA KOTTA (同英语Terra - cotta)的解释为:原为意大利语,硬陶土;赤陶;用硬陶土制的小人像,小罐。
赤———红色也。从上述可知,“Terra - cotta”如指陶器时均为红色陶器。但秦兵马俑如从陶器的概念上讲,应为还原法烧制的灰陶。从已出土文物看,我国从商代晚期就有了用还原法烧制的青灰色屋面瓦,也发现了西周早期用还原法烧制的大型空心砖。秦兵马俑也许是借助了烧制大型空心砖的经验,将俑、马均制成了空心,容易烧结。自秦始皇在世烧制兵马俑时,还原烧制法在我国已流传了千年以上,因此秦兵马俑没有理由不用还原烧制方法。还原烧制法烧出的物品就应完全是灰陶。而灰陶却用了一个表示赤陶的英文名称,显然是不合适的。秦兵马俑为现世界上独一无二的历史景观,但其英译名用了一个非常普通的、建筑上用的红色材料或是建筑美学上用的红色装饰构件的名词( Terra - cotta) ,不能确切地表述秦兵马俑真实的、科学的内涵。而且也会给西方人一个错误的概念,在没有看到秦兵马俑时,也许认为秦兵马俑都是红色的。
通过以上事例的分析,笔者认为秦兵马俑不应再用“Terra- cotta”的英文名称,秦兵马俑的烧制时间距今已有2200多年,应有自己本身的专用英文名称。建议使用:Blue or Grey PotteryWarriors, Soldiers, Legions;或是用Underground Warriors, Soldiers, Legions.
相比而言,Terra - cotta Army 更为贴切,原因是"兵马佣"故名思意是包括"兵"和"马"的,然而warriors只有"兵"的意思,"马"这一方面的意思却没有出来,如果用Terra - cotta Army ,这个问题就解决了.
terra-cotta warriors and horses
上面的的翻译都把“马”漏了,
鄙人曾经去西安兵马俑博物馆实习过半个月,还是了解一点
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