推荐回答(1个)
范睢,字叔,战国时期魏国人,著名辩士,后成为秦国一代名相。
生平事迹:
初,游说诸侯,欲事魏王,家贫无以自资,乃先事魏中大夫须贾。须贾为魏昭王使於齐,范睢从。留数月,未得报。齐襄王闻睢辩口,乃使人赐睢金十斤及牛酒,睢辞谢不敢受。须贾知之,大怒,以为睢持魏国阴事告齐,故得此馈,令睢受其牛酒,还其金。既归,心怒睢,以告魏相魏齐。魏齐大怒,使舍人笞击睢,折胁摺齿。睢详死,即卷以箦,置厕中。宾客饮者醉,更溺睢,故僯辱以惩後,令无妄言者。睢从箦中谓守者曰:“公能出我,我必厚谢公。”守者乃请出弃箦中死人。魏齐醉,曰:“可矣。”范睢得出。後魏齐悔,复召求之。魏人郑安平闻之,乃遂操范睢亡,伏匿,更名张禄。
秦谒者王稽使于魏,郑安平助范雎夜见王稽。稽潜载与俱归秦,路逢穰侯,知其恶诸侯客,匿于车中,范睢料穰侯多疑,必回头查验,故先下车,行十馀里,穰侯果使骑还索车中,无客,乃已。入咸阳,荐之于王,王厌天下辩士,王弗信,使舍食草具。待命岁馀。
后逢穰侯欲越韩、魏而伐齐纲寿,欲以广其陶封。范睢乃上书。秦王观书知其有才,召见之于离宫。雎佯为不知永巷而入其中,王来而宦者怒逐之,曰:“王至。”范雎谬曰:“秦安得王!秦独有太后、穰侯耳!”王微闻其言,乃屏左右,跽而请曰:“先生何以幸教寡人?”对曰:“唯唯。”如是者三。王曰:“先生卒不幸教寡人邪?”范雎曰:“非敢然也!臣,羁旅之臣也,交疏于王;而所愿陈者皆匡君之事。处人骨肉之间,愿效愚忠而未知王之心也,此所以王三问而不敢对者也。臣知今日言之于前,明日伏诛于后,然臣不敢避也。且死者,人之所必不免也,苟可以少有补于秦而死,此臣之所大愿也。独恐臣死之后,天下杜口裹足,莫肯乡秦耳!”王跽曰:“先生,是何言也!今者寡人得见先生,是天以寡人溷先生,而存先王之宗庙也。事无大小,上及太后,下至大臣,愿先生悉以教寡人,无疑寡人也!”范雎拜,王亦拜。范雎曰:“以秦国之大,士卒之勇,以治诸侯,譬若走韩卢而博蹇兔也。而闭关十五年,不敢窥兵于山东者,是穰侯为秦谋不忠,而大王之计亦有所失也。”王跽曰:“寡人愿闻失计!”然左右多窃听者,范雎未敢言内,先言外事,以观王之府仰。因进曰:“夫穰侯越韩、魏而攻齐刚、寿,非计也。齐湣王南攻楚,破军杀将,再辟地千里,而齐尺寸之地无得焉者,岂不欲得地哉?形势不能有也。诸侯见齐之罢敝,起兵而伐齐,大破之,齐几于亡,以其伐楚而肥韩、魏也。今王不如远交而近攻,得寸则王之寸也,得尺亦王之尺也。今夫韩、魏,中国之处,而天下之枢也。王若欲霸,必亲中国以为天下枢,以威楚、赵,楚强则附赵,赵强则附楚,楚、赵皆附,齐必惧矣,齐附则韩、魏因可虏也。”王曰:“善。”乃以范雎为客卿,与谋兵事。卒听范睢谋,使五大夫绾伐魏,拔怀。後二岁,拔邢丘。
范雎日益亲,用事,因承间说王集权。王以为然。于是废太后,逐穰侯、高陵、华阳、泾阳君于关外,以范雎为丞相,封为应侯。
范睢既相秦,秦号曰张禄,而魏不知,以为范睢已死久矣。魏闻秦且东伐韩、魏,魏使须贾於秦。应侯敝衣间步而往见之。须贾惊曰:“范叔固无恙乎!”留坐饮食,取一绨袍赠之。遂为须贾御而至相府,曰:“我为君先入通于相君。”须贾怪其久不出,问于门下,门下曰:“无范叔。乡者吾相张君也。”须贾知见欺,乃膝行入谢罪。应侯坐,责让之,且曰:“尔所以得不死者,以绨袍恋恋尚有故人之意耳!”乃大供具,请诸侯宾客;坐须贾于堂下,置莝、豆其前而马食之,使归告魏王曰:“速斩魏齐头来!不然,且屠大梁!”须贾还,以告魏齐。魏齐恐,亡走赵。匿平原君所。
范睢既相,乃入言於王曰:“非王稽之忠,莫能内臣於函谷关;非大王之贤圣,莫能贵臣。今臣官至於相,爵在列侯,王稽之官尚止於谒者,非其内臣之意也。”昭王召王稽,拜为河东守,三岁不上计。又任郑安平,昭王以为将军。范睢於是散家财物,尽以报所尝困戹者。
范睢相秦二年,秦昭王之四十二年,东伐韩少曲、高平,拔之。
秦昭王闻魏齐在平原君所,欲为范睢必报其仇,乃诈平原君入秦,逼其交人,平原君不认,于是被秦王扣为人质,逼赵王交人,赵孝成王乃发卒围平原君家,急,魏齐夜亡出,见赵相虞卿。虞卿度赵王终不可说,乃解其相印,与魏齐亡,间行,念诸侯莫可以急抵者,乃复走大梁,欲因信陵君以走楚。信陵君闻之,畏秦,犹豫未肯见,侯嬴讥讽之,信陵君大惭,驾如野迎之。魏齐闻信陵君之初难见之,怒而自刭。赵王闻之,卒取其头予秦。秦昭王乃出平原君归赵。
後五年,昭王用应侯谋,纵反间卖赵,赵以其故,令赵括代廉颇将。秦大破赵於长平,遂围邯郸。已而与武安君白起有隙,言而杀之。任郑安平,使击赵。郑安平为赵所围,急,以兵二万人降赵。应侯请罪。秦之法,任人而所任不善者,各以其罪罪之。於是应侯罪当收三族。秦昭王恐伤应侯之意,乃下令国中:“有敢言郑安平事者,以其罪罪之。”而加赐相国应侯食物日益厚,以顺适其意。後二岁,王稽为河东守,与诸侯通,坐法诛。而应侯日益以不怿。
昭王临朝叹息,应侯进曰:“臣闻‘主忧臣辱,主辱臣死’。今大王中朝而忧,臣敢请其罪。”昭王曰:“吾闻楚之铁剑利而倡优拙。夫铁剑利则士勇,倡优拙则思虑远。夫以远思虑而御勇士,吾恐楚之图秦也。夫物不素具,不可以应卒,今武安君既死,而郑安平等畔,内无良将而外多敌国,吾是以忧。”欲以激励应侯。应侯惧,不知所出。蔡泽闻之,往入秦也。
范睢听从蔡泽劝告,恐步商君、白起、吴起、文种之后尘,遂起急流勇退之意。于是荐蔡泽,秦昭王召见,与语,大说之,拜为客卿。应侯因谢病请归相印。昭王彊起应侯,应侯遂称病笃。范睢免相,昭王新说蔡泽计画,遂拜为秦相,东收周室。
品评:
范睢是个人才,有辩才,他相秦的机会便是靠自己的嘴皮子争取来的;也有谋国之才,对天下大事看得很清楚,相秦十余年,秦国日益强大,秦昭王一代明主,对他言听计从,视为亚父,为其报仇不惜得罪诸侯,为其护短不惜破坏法律来封口,由此可见一斑。
范睢是个性情中人,一饭之德必偿,睚眦之怨必报。须贾若非一念之仁,绨袍相赠,估计会死得很惨。
范睢是个自私的人,视个人利益重于国家利益。与白起结怨,也是始于嫉妒白起功劳盖过自己,最后白起遭贬,虽然源于秦王、白起两人的性格冲突,但若非范睢挑拨,白起也不至于致死。如果范睢和白起能如蔺相如和廉颇那样将相和,秦国将会更加强大。其实最初劝秦王逐穰侯,目的也并非真正为秦王着想,而是为自己扫除障碍罢了,因为他知道穰侯是他最大的政敌。穰侯虽然专恣骄贪,但实无叛国夺权之心,对秦国还是忠心耿耿的,何况他立昭王,荐白起为将,使天下诸侯稽首而事秦。秦益强大者,穰侯实在功不可没。范睢为了自己的利益,驱逐功臣,害秦王绝母子之义,失舅甥之恩,做人不厚道啊。
不过范睢最后没有贪恋权力,并且不嫉才,推荐蔡泽,自己急流勇退,也是难能可贵的了
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