推荐回答(2个)
2.1 舒适清洁的治疗环境 有一个好的诊治环境,会给患者一个安全感。抽血护士每天要接待多名抽血患者,不能因为工作量大而对抽血环境给于忽视,比如抽血台面及设施的清洁,消毒程序的规范,注射器存放及其质量的保证,使患者不必担心注射器的安全问题等,稳定其情绪,会收到一定的效果。
2.2 亲切诚信的职业形象 打造使患者信任的亲切诚信的护士职业形象[1]。要注意仪表端庄,服装整洁,表情亲切自然,态度和蔼可亲,动作娴熟,这些无声的信息在告诉患者这是一位认真负责,亲切诚信的好护士。这样,可获得患者的信任,使患者有愉快和安全感,从而缩短护患之间的距离。
2.3 抽血前的语言沟通 抽血前语言沟通可以帮助护理工作者与患者建立良好的护患关系,从而达到提高护理工作质量的目的[2]。对患者耐心地讲解抽血的有关知识,有患者认为抽血会影响身体健康,我们解释抽血量多少是根据化验内容的不同及项目的多少来决定的,抽血量一般在2~20ml,这只占人体全部血量的0.05%~0.3%,不需要任何补充和特殊营养,人体完全可以自动进行调整和适应,让其明白抽血的目的和意义,增强信心。抽血前要对患者做支持性心理治疗,根据不同年龄区别对待,最常用的方法是倾听、鼓励、安慰、解释、保证和暗示等[3]。例如对哭闹不合作的儿童多用表扬、鼓励的语言,告知抽血固然会疼痛,但疼痛的程度很轻,并承诺用小针抽血;对有恐惧心理的成年患者多与其交谈,耐心做好解释工作,使其消除紧张和恐惧心理,保持放松状态,主动配合抽血。对有低血糖,恶心、眩晕的患者早晨可少量喝水,以调节身体代谢平衡,减轻眩晕,心慌等症状,并准备好糖果,温开水等食品,抽血结束后尽快进食。
2.4 抽血中的注意事项 抽血时患者要保持舒适的体位,避免姿势不当出现穿刺部位疼痛。力求穿刺一次成功,以减轻反复穿刺带来的痛苦。穿刺时尽量绷紧周围皮肤,快速进针,尽量缩短穿刺点与血管间的距离,以减少对皮肤神经末梢的刺激。抽血中嘱其缓慢深呼吸,全身放松,闭上双眼或扭转头部,并可通过交谈等转移其注意力,或用身体遮挡,不让其看到抽血用具和抽血过程,避免不良刺激。密切观察患者抽血过程中面部色泽及肢端温度等,是否面色苍白,手足发凉,出冷汗。抽血后不要让患者立刻站起来[4],应让其休息一段时间,以免突然改变体位发生眩晕。
2.5 抽血后的指导 抽血完毕指导患者正确的按压方式,即沿着静脉走向用干棉签同时按压皮肤针眼与血管针眼部位5~10min,避免按压时间不足引起出血而刺激患者。按压力度应均匀适中,按压面积应大些,这种方式能减轻血管周围淤血发生。另外干棉签可以减轻消毒剂的刺激,从而减轻疼痛。抽血后指导患者尽快进食、喝糖水,以防止低血糖的发生。
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