《南乡子登京口北固亭有怀》是哪一段史实发出感怀的?表达出作者怎样的思想情感?
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推荐回答(1个)
作者:南宋 辛弃疾
何处望神州?满眼风光北固楼。千古兴亡多少事?悠悠。不尽长江滚滚流。
年少万兜鍪,坐断东南战未休。天下英雄谁敌手?曹刘。生子当如孙仲谋。
[注释]
《南乡子》是词牌名。“登京口北固亭有怀”是题目。京口,今江苏省镇江市。北固亭即北固楼,在北固山上。有怀,有所怀念。这首词怀念的是孙权,跟苏轼怀念周瑜差不多。
[翻译]
什么地方可以看见中原呢?在北固楼上,满眼都是美好的风光,但是中原还是看不见。从古到今,有多少国家兴亡大事呢?不知道,年代太长了。只有长江的水滚滚东流,永远也流不尽。我们今天所能看到的就是长江,多少兴亡事情已经过去了。
当年孙权在青年时代,做了三军的统帅,他能独霸东南,坚持抗战,没有向敌人低头和屈服过。天下英雄谁是孙权的敌手呢?只有曹操和刘备而已。这样也就难怪曹操说:“生子当如孙仲谋。”
[赏析]
这首词的用意在哪儿呢?就是为了讽刺当时的朝廷,所以他说话不那么直率。他讽刺当时南宋朝廷无能,不但不能光复神州,连江南也快要保不住了。辛弃疾生于南宋,国家已经只能偏安江南,所以他借古喻今,颂扬孙权。他说孙权的好,也就是说朝廷的坏,无力抵抗敌人。委婉地暗示了对于朝廷的不满。
“何处望神州,满眼风光北固楼”,这两句是倒装句法,即前一句可以移到后面去说,后一句可以移到前面去说,成为:“满眼风光北固楼,何处望神州?”为什么不这样说呢?这就跟词调有关系,因为这种词调规定头一句只能七个字,第二句五个字,所以只能倒过来说。
“千古兴亡多少事,悠悠”,这是问答句,先问后答。这两句跟下面“天下英雄谁敌手?曹刘”两句一样。
“不尽长江滚滚流”,这句话很好,在说千古兴亡事总在那里变化着,而只有长江滚滚流,永远不变。另外,这句话是杜甫《登高》诗中的,诗中说:“无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来。”辛弃疾用了现成的句子摆在这里,很合适。“千古兴亡多少事,悠悠。”是问答句,“不尽长江滚滚流”是人家的话;这跟下面“天下英雄谁敌手?曹刘。”是问答句,“生子当如孙仲谋”又是人家的话对衬起来了,对得很好。
“天下英雄谁敌手”也隐含着一个典故。据《三国志·先主传》载,曹操曾经对刘备说:“天下英雄,惟使君与操耳!”(使君,指刘备。)这里辛弃疾运用原话,再加上孙权,成为三人。
“年少万兜鍪”,这句话为什么不说一万个士兵,而说万兜鍪呢?这就是以物代人,因为士兵的特征,除了战甲以外,头盔也是特征之一,所以拿头盔当士兵。这样写非常形象。
“生子当如孙仲谋”,这句话隐含着很深的意思,就是说今天的朝廷不如当时的东吴,今天的皇帝(指宋高宗、孝宗等)不如孙权。为什么不直说呢?因为直说了就有生命危险。我们这样去体会,就知道辛弃疾写这首词的真正用意了。他对当时朝廷的不满,也就体现了他的爱国主义精神。他的好些词,都是怀着这种心情写的。
【名句】
天下英雄谁敌手?曹刘。生子当如孙仲谋。
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