推荐回答(2个)
中 国 古 建 筑 名 称
宫:上古时,宫只是指一般的房屋,无贵贱之分。秦汉以后,王者所居才叫“宫”。宫室一般想南,其内部又分内堂、室、房等几部分。前部称之为“堂”,通常是举行吉凶大礼的地方,比住人;堂后为“室”,住人;室两侧是东西房。堂内以朝南的方向为尊,室内以朝东的方向为尊。
殿:即堂。汉以后习惯称堂为殿。
亭:亭在古时是公家的房舍,建在路旁,以便旅客投宿。秦汉时十里一长亭,五里一短亭,十亭一乡。如今园林中的亭,指有顶无墙的建筑,与其原义不同。台、坛;高而平的建筑叫台。台上可以有建筑,也可没有建筑。规模较大,较高者叫坛。
楼:《说文》上解释:“楼,重屋也”。上下都可以住人,与今概念相同。
阁:“阁”者,四阿开四牖,屋檐曲处叫“阿”,牖即窗。这是指一种四面开窗的四坡顶建筑。
廊:原是指屋檐下的部分,今演变成多种形式,如长廊、短廊、回廊、半壁廊、飞廊等。
榭:台上的木结构建筑叫榭。特点是只有楹柱花窗,没有墙壁。临水者叫榭。
轩:“轩“古时指车上边较高的部位。(低的部位叫“轾”)建筑上取其虚敞高举之意。
塔:另有“佛图”,“浮屠”等名称。原专指副、佛塔,后引申至一些高耸的建筑或构筑物,如灯塔、水塔、电视塔。
寺:古官署名,如“大理寺”“大常寺”等,后主要指僧人居所。
庙:古时大夫以下官员的住屋,后专指奉祭祖仙、神佛的处所,如宗庙、土地庙、龙王庙等。
庵:原指小草屋。古称圆顶房为“庵”。文人书斋也称“庵”。后指小寺庙,多指尼姑所居。
观:古代用于军事上类似榭的建筑物,后发展成为宫,叫做“双观”。道教的庙宇也称“观”。
梁:最早的含义就是“桥”,后指房架上的水平件。
柱:房屋的垂直件,古称独立的柱为“楹”。“楹”有时也作量词用,一列房屋为一楹。
斗拱:是我国古建筑中科学性、艺术性都很完美的部件。在立柱和横梁交接处,从柱顶上加的一层层探出的弓行承重件叫“拱”。拱与拱之间的方形木块称“斗”或“商木斗”,合称斗拱。
山节藻木兑:即斗拱和屋架的总称。藻即绘上水草等花纹。
藻井:宫殿。厅堂天花板上的装饰,多为方格形,绘有各种彩色花纹图案。
答案如下:
1、宫:古代帝王的住所或神庙,前者如:故宫,后者如:雍和宫。
2、府:旧指大官、贵族的住宅,现在指国家元首办公或居住的地方。前者如:贾府,后者如:总统府。
3、邸:高级官员的住所,如:官邸。
4、宅:居住地方。《韩非子·诡使》有句:无宅容身。
5、厢:正房两侧房屋,如:西厢房。
6、宇:屋檐,后泛指房屋。
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