结合李清照《词论》中对秦观的评价,分析秦观词的特点
推荐回答(1个)
李清照《词论》继承了苏门论词的菁华,
并提出了她自己新的词学观点,
对南宋中后期江湖词派的词学理论具有深刻的影响。
北宋中后期,苏门盛行作词论词之风。
这种风气和当时词坛是息息相关的。
苏轼继柳永以后登上词坛,
追求一种与柳词不同的风格。
苏轼有意提高词的品位,常常以柳词的低俗为戒,
李清照他批评秦观道:
“不意别后,公学柳七作词耶?”
还把秦观和柳永相提并论,
调侃道:“山抹微云秦学士,露花倒影柳屯田。”
其实,秦观与柳永自有雅俗之别,
但秦词气格不高、纤弱细腻,引起苏轼的不满。
黄庭坚认为词意高胜,要从学问中来。
他评苏轼《卜算子》云:“非胸中有万卷书,笔下无一点尘俗气,孰能至此?”(《跋东坡乐府》)他还非常重视词作情感的雅正,认为晏几道词是人品学问的自然流露,如平生
潜心六艺、玩思百家等。晏几道用至诚至善的心态待人接物,其词不含世俗社会的一点杂质。黄庭坚称之为“狭邪之大雅”、“豪士之鼓吹”,(《小山集序》)这和元代陆行直
所说词的特质“正取近雅,又不远俗”(《词旨》)很相近。词就是用通俗的题材来表现高雅的情感,是一种介于雅俗之间的文学形式。
陈师道论词注重本色,认为苏轼以诗为词,虽极天下之工,要非本色。从本色出发,他推举秦观、黄庭坚为词坛典范,认为唐人尚用不及;还自诩他自己的词作,不在秦、黄之
下。
晁补之云:“世言柳耆卿曲俗,非也。如《八声甘州》云:‘渐霜风凄紧,关河冷落,残照当楼,’此真唐人语,不减高处矣。欧阳永叔《浣溪沙》云:‘堤上游人逐画船,拍
堤春水四垂天。绿杨楼外出秋千。’要皆妙绝,然只一‘出’字,自是后人道不到处。苏东坡词,人谓多不谐音律,然居士辞横放杰出,自是曲子中缚不住者。黄鲁直间作小辞,
固高妙,然不是当行家语,是着腔子唱好诗。晏元献不蹈袭人语,而风调闲雅,如‘舞低杨柳楼心月,歌薄桃花扇底风’,知此人不住三家村也。张子野与耆卿齐名,而时以子野
不及耆卿。然子野韵高,是耆卿所乏处。近世以来作者,皆不及秦少游。如‘斜阳外,寒鸦万点,流水绕孤村,’虽不识字人,亦知是天生好言语。”(吴曾《能改斋漫录》卷十
六)晁补之评当世词人与李清照《词论》在评价词人范围、观点上大体是相近的。
张耒《东山词序》指出了贺铸词的两个特点:其一,贺铸词虽然呈现出各种不同的风格,但其内在的精神是一致的,“直寄其意耳。”(《贺方回乐府序》)其二,贺铸把博学
业文之才与天理自然之情统一起来,化才学为清空,这是一个很高的词学境界。
苏轼的门生兼幕僚李之仪,也擅长论词,他说:“长短句于遣词中最为难工,自有一种风格,稍不如格,便觉龃龉。唐人但以诗句而用和声,抑扬以就之,若今之歌《阳关》是
也。至唐末遂因其诗之长短句而以意填之,始一变以成音律。大抵以《花间集》中所载为宗,然多小阕。至柳耆卿始铺叙展衍,备足无余,形容盛明,千载如逢当日,较之《花间
》所集,韵终不胜。由是知其为难能也。张子野独矫拂而振起之,虽刻意追逐,要是才不足而情有余。良可佳者,晏元献、欧阳文忠、宋景文,则以其余力游戏,而风流闲雅,超
出意表,又非其类也。嚼味研究,字字皆有据,而其妙见于卒章,语尽而意不尽,意尽而情不尽,岂平平可得仿佛哉!师道殚思精诣,专以《花间》所集为准,其自得处,未易咫
尺可论,苟辅之以晏、欧阳、宋,而取舍于张、柳,其进也,将不可得而御矣。”(《跋吴师道小词序》)李之仪所说的词“自有一种风格”、词难于诗以及对北宋词坛诸公的褒
贬,对李清照《词论》影响很大。他所指出吴师道提高词品的途径,正是李清照论词的目的之一。
上文,我们不厌其烦的胪列苏门论词的基本观点,说明这样一个事实:李清照《词论》不出苏门论词的畛域,不仅所讨论的问题一致,就连词学观点也有一定的承传关系。其中
以晁补之、李之仪对李清照的影响较为显著。李清照论词为什么出自苏门呢?李清照的父亲李格非游学于苏轼门下,为苏门后四学士之一,多与苏门诸君子、学士切磋交流。李清
照跟随其父生活在汴京,直接或间接地受到前辈词人的影响。所以,由她来荟萃苏门的词论是顺理成章的。李清照除了继承前人的论词观点以外,还提出了自己的词学主张,这就
是本色雅正论和宋词才学化的发展趋向,体现在她把北宋词人分为“知之者”和“不知之者”,以及她对两类词人的批评和回护态度上。
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