初中所有英语笔记

.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。He says (that) he will have a walk soon. The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school. I want to know who came here late this morning. 2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。 He wondered if I would come. She told me that her son had got well. She said that she liked watching TV. We thought Jim was wrong. 3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。 Mr. Li said the moon is smaller than the earth. 4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。 Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?（不是will you） Do you know which sweater she is wearing? (不是is she) 2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果), unless(除非)，when(当…的时候), as soon as(一…就…)，before, after, until, till, as(当…的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。 You may take a rest when you finish doing your work. I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week. Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives. 2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如： I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars. When he got to the park, his classmates had left. My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street. 3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。 She is a girl who/that is beauti l and kind-hearted. She is a girl (who/whom/that) I know very well. That boy whosehair is very long is my brother. (所属) The girl whois tall is my sister. / I own a bike whoseprice is high. I bought a watch (which/that) I paid 100 yuan for. （指物） I prefer a place which/thatis clean and quiet. I prefer a place whereI can live a quiet life. （在这儿） I shall never forget the day whena boy helped me find my dog. 4.wish和hope:1wish可接to do sth. /sb to do sth. /that从句. I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao. I wish youto join my party this Sunday. I wish (that) I could be a scientist. 2hope接to do sth. 或that从句. 但不接sb to do sth. I hope to receive a letter from you some day. I hope (that) everything goes well. /I hope you will get well soon. 5.thanks for和thanks to: Thanks for your helping me with the work. (表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。) Thanks to your suggestion, I didn’t make such mistakes. (表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。) 6.感官动词用法之一：see, hear, listen to, watch, notice, feel等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形/ 动词ing, 分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。 I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (正进行) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听的是全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (频率词) 若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式： We saw him go into the restaurant with his wife. → He was seen to go into the restaurant with his wife. 7.感官动词用法之二：look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词，后接形容词。He looks . It sounds good. The flowers smell beauti l. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired. 这些动词不用于被动语态。The sweets are tasted sweet.是错误的。 注意：如果加介词like, 则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词： He looks like his mother. That sounds like a good idea. It smells like a flower. It tastes like salt. 8.find和think部分用法: + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。(代替宾从) 宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，John found his son a clever boy. 2.形容词短语，Mrs. Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy. 3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，I found it hard to fool the girl. 9.would like/want/feel like: 1 would like，和want类似：◇都可接名词短语：I would like/ want another three desks. ◇都可接带to 不定式：I would like/ want to go out for a walk. ◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand. 2 feel like: ◇后也可接名词短语：Do you feel like some tea? ◇后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk? I don’t feel like drinking tea.【feel like常用于疑问句或否定句中。】 10.词序易错的短语：1 形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge? Nothing serious. There is something wrong with the computer. I want to go somewhere warm. 2 else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。 What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room? Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it? 3 enough修饰形容词和副词，enough 放在后面。 This sweater is cheap enough. Nemo is old enough to work. He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog. 11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1What do you think of …?= How do you like …? “你对…怎么看？”(How…?句中有like，是动词。) 2What’s the weather like in…? = How is the weather in…?“…的天气什么样?”(What…?句中有like，是介词“像”。) 12.take, cost, pay, spend区别： 1 It + take + sb + some time + to do sth. It took us half an hour to cut down the tree. 2 物+cost+sb+钱: The bag cost me thirty yuan. (cost, cost, cost) 若cost后无sb, 则译作“价钱是”：The bag costs 30 Yuan. 3 人+ pay +sb + 钱+ for sth: I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike. (pay, paid, paid). (pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。) 4 人 + spend + 时间/ 钱 + on sth / (in) doing sth. The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet. The girl always spends much money on her clothes. spend 有时可指“度过”：spend holiday/ weekends/ winter 13.双宾结构：pass/ give/ teach/ offer/ lend/ send/ sell/ call/ show/buy/ ask/ tell/ build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb + sth. 其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等可接sth + to sb. buy, build等可接sth + for sb. 另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please pass it to me. 14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词） Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher. （连词） Keep care l when listening to the teacher. （介词） 类似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。 如：I’ll wait until I hear from her. （连词） I’ll wait until next Friday. （介词） 15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一: 1. 动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。The boy named Peter is my friend. 那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。 He’s eating fried chicken. 他在吃炸鸡。There is no time left. I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。 He lives in a house builttwenty years ago. 2. 动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。 the ing boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy ing in the corner (正进行) a sitting room, the sleeping car, the bathing suit (功能) 16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。I felt surprised at his words. How exciting the film is! / I want to go to a place which is relaxing. 17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语： To be a teacher is my dream. Working hard brings you success. Taking care of our environment is very important. To plant trees makes me happy. （谓语用单数） Reading books gives you knowledge. (谓语用单数) Listening and writing are both difficult. (谓语用复数) 18.later / after / ago /before: 1later“…时间后”结构：时间段+later 常用于一般过去时。They went to Beijing five days later. (later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’ll see you later.) 2after“…时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和1相同。They went to Beijing after five days. (after也可加句子：I’ll send you an e-mail after I get home. He found out the information after he had searched the Internet for thirty minutes.) 3ago“…时间前”结构：时间段+ago, 用于一般过去时。The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago. (since +时间段+ago，主句用现在完成时) 4before 单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前” I have been to London before. He has seen the film before. (若是时间段+before, 则常用过去完成时，译为“…时间前”： I had seen the film two weeks before. We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.) 19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季 20.月：January, 一月；February, 二月；March, 三月；April, 四月； May, 五月；June, 六月；July, 七月；August, 八月；September, 九 月；October, 十月；November, 十一月；December, 十二月。 21.星期：Sunday, 星期日；Monday, 星期一；Tuesday, 星期二； Wednesday, 星期三；Thursday, 星期四；Friday, 星期五； Saturday, 星期六。Sunday为第一天，Saturday为最后一天。 22.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗号。as well, 只用于句尾。 注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。 还有很多 受字数限制 ，没有完全 写出来 。