that 这里引导的是宾语从句
Careful surveys【主语】 have indicated 【谓语】that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs as directed【宾语从句】
在宾语从句中：as many as 50 percent of patients【主语｝ do not take【谓语动词】 drugs【宾语】 as directed【状语，修饰take】
翻译：详细调查表明，50%的病人不按照医嘱服药。
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