推荐回答(1个)
揭秘中国历史上皇后最多的皇帝 共有多少皇后?
2014/7/27 15:57:52 来源:趣历史 责任编辑:jiangjingqi
字号:T|T
任何事情,都有可能出现两个极端,比如立皇后。有些皇帝至死不立皇后,而有些皇帝却同时拥有数位皇后。北齐后主高纬废黜皇后斛律氏之后,先立皇后胡氏,后又“拜弘德夫人穆氏为左皇后”,二位皇后并峙;北周宣帝宇文赟先立皇后杨丽华,“又立天皇后及左右皇后,与后为四皇后焉”,再加上稍后增设的“天中大皇后”,五位皇后并存;匈奴汉昭武帝刘聪,除立有上、左、右、中四位皇后之外,“佩皇后玺绶者七人”,也就是同时拥有十一个皇后。与他们相比,东吴末帝孙皓在立皇后方面显得更为疯狂。
孙皓(242—284),字元宗,东吴开国皇帝孙权之孙,废太子孙和之子。景帝孙休时,孙皓被封为乌程侯。东吴永安七年(264)七月,孙休病逝,遗令传位于年幼的太子。当时,东吴境内叛乱频发,加上西蜀新亡,曹魏虎视眈眈,大有一举荡平东吴之势。东吴举国恐慌,群臣认为主少国危,便想立一个较年长的君主,以固国自保。所以,二十三岁的孙皓被拥立为东吴第四代皇帝。孙皓即位之初,颇有振作之象。他发布优诏,抚恤人民,开仓放粮,赈济贫民,又将后宫的宫女放出以配无妻之人,赢得朝野一片赞誉之声。
权力,容易滋生腐败,更容易暴露一个人的真实面孔。几年之后,孙皓就变得残暴荒淫起来,除了变着法子杀人,就是整日沉湎于酒色。孙皓为乌程侯时,曾聘娶五官中郎滕牧的女儿为夫人。孙皓即位称帝,滕氏立为皇后,滕牧被封为高密侯,拜卫将军录尚书事。看到孙皓耽于酒色,荒淫无道,不理朝政,滕牧屡屡进谏,惹得孙皓十分厌恨,加上滕皇后年老色衰,孙皓曾经想废去滕氏的皇后名号。太史令上书说,从气运历数上看,皇后不能更改。皇太后何氏因喜爱滕氏,常在孙皓跟前帮着说些皇后的好话,孙皓才作罢。
滕皇后岁未被废黜,但孙皓对她却日渐冷落。不久,滕皇后搬进了长秋宫,官僚“备员而已,受朝贺表疏如故”,皇后显然成了摆设。为了满足自己的淫欲,孙皓下令,凡是二千石以上大臣的女儿,年龄在十五六岁左右的,他要逐一过目,看中的,立马入宫;剩下的,才允许嫁人。即《江表传》中记述的“皓又使黄门备行州郡,科取将吏家女。其二千石大臣子女,皆当岁岁言名,年十五六一简阅,简阅不中,乃得出嫁。”一时间,孙皓“后宫数千”,但他犹不餍足,仍要“采择无已”。此后,孙皓把主要精力投入到了后宫。
为了取悦宠姬,孙皓大肆向美女颁赐皇后印玺。对此,《三国志》称孙皓“内诸宠姬,佩皇后玺绂者多矣”;《资治通鉴》也称孙皓“诸姬佩皇后玺绂者甚众”。玺绂,即玺绶,是古代印玺上所系的彩色丝带,借指印玺。皇后印玺,是皇后名位的象征,这些宠姬虽然没有接受正式的册封仪式,但终归是皇后。孙皓究竟立了多少皇后,史籍中没有明说。但是,从孙皓的皇子有三十四个之多,以及司马炎“诏选孙皓宫人五千人入宫”,尤其是史籍中用的“多矣”和“甚众”两个词来看,孙皓宠姬中佩戴皇后玺绂者绝不止两位数。
毋庸置疑,孙皓是史上立皇后最多的皇帝。那么,孙皓为什么要同时立这么多皇后呢?笔者认为:其一,孙皓通过多立皇后来取悦后宫姬妾,满足自己对美色的贪婪。其二,孙皓通过多立皇后来摆脱中国传统嫡妻制度,便于自己肆无忌惮的行乐。其三,孙皓通过多立皇后,使子嗣不分贵贱,避免日后嫡庶之争。其四,孙皓通过多立皇后,使多家外戚势力相互抗衡,防止出现某一外戚专权篡位。然而,这种荒淫统治下的多头政治,在把宫廷搅得乌烟瘴气的同时,也加速了东吴的覆亡。天纪四年(280),孙皓和众多皇后均成为阶下囚。
孙皓是历代皇帝中多立皇后的始作俑者,这种“一夫多妻”的做法对后世影响甚大。两晋南北朝时期,民间便出现了史不绝书的“一夫二妻”现象,甚至被有些学者称之为“一枝二鸟”。十六国时期的刘聪和北朝时期的高纬、宇文赟,他们册立多名皇后,不能不说是与东吴孙皓开此先河有着直接的渊源关系。所以,陈寿在《三国志·吴书·妃嫔传·评》中批评孙皓“嫡庶不分,闺庭错乱,遗笑古今,殃流后嗣”。时下,仍有不少人为了满足淫欲,变着法子搞“一夫多妻”。不过,这种人多半没有好下场,正如亡国皇帝孙皓。
满意望采纳
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