明朝灭亡的真实原因究竟是什么,是什么造成的这个结局?
推荐回答(1个)
明朝后期出现一个非常奇怪的现象,那就是一方面明朝朝廷穷得连军饷也发不下来,一方面明朝大臣个个富得流油。而对明朝末代皇帝来说,他即阻止不了以东林党为代表的文官大家族们的偷税漏税,也阻止不了各地军事长官各自为政的军阀割据状态。而当满人打过来之后,这些曾经被称为“铁骨铮铮”的明朝士大夫们,要不就因为头皮太痒连夜剃光了脑袋,要不就被孝庄睡服之后摇身一变成了大清的肱骨大臣,要不因为河水太凉羞羞答答地上岸做官去了。
在明朝还没完全覆灭之际,这些人为了苟且,将在明朝掏空心思捞的巨额财产乖乖上交给了清朝。不但如此,他们还将汉人发明的“儒家精髓”统统教会了满人,并感激涕零地摔下马蹄袖,高呼奴才该死,谢主隆恩!然后满人再用明朝大臣攒下来的钱去平定更多的汉人,并弄出了一个康乾盛世。你如果说这是讽刺,那更令人生气的地方还在后面。
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·历史是件令人头疼的往事
有专家说,明朝灭亡朱元璋应该负有主要责任。朱元璋在打败蒙元之后,在古代那个只靠拳头说话,并没有国际法的时代,明朝不该承认蒙元为正统,更不该继承了蒙元统治时期的很多法令。
而且,朱元璋为了他们老朱家的千秋万代,所做的那些个事简直危害千年。
比如,放着好好的儒家正统经典不学,偏偏推崇极端变态的程朱理学。放着宋元时开放的海上贸易政策不学,偏偏搞什么片板不得下海的海禁政策。而八股取士、废除宰相制、大搞锦衣卫和朱氏皇族天下养这些东西更是加剧了后世明朝内部的矛盾。
如果不是文人士大夫苦苦撑着,明朝早就亡了。但反对者会说,明朝在位200年间,内忧外患,能做到这样就已经不错了。
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朱元璋当初虽然打败了元明,但其他势力联合盘踞海上,骚扰了明朝海域将近100年。朱元璋此时实施历史上最严的海禁也是被逼无奈。但即便这样,明朝还是出现了令后人敬仰的郑和下西洋和沿海几十万下南洋的商人。
而在明朝的两百年里,居然出现了大大小小500多起农民起义。加上后来的小冰河时代和满人的崛起,明朝几乎从来没什么好日子过。
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但反对者说,明朝代代有起义谁造成的?土木堡之变的阴谋谁设计的?正德、天启的死该谁负责?文官集团一家独大又是谁引起的?
郑和下西洋明明是很赚钱的事业又是谁将他骂成劳民伤财的?
而几十万下南洋商人,是商人?还是海盗和走私团伙?你们可以把一切责任都推在太监身上、文官集团身上,反正朱姓皇室是没错的!
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·明朝皇帝真的没有实权吗
这个问题很难回答,因为很复杂。
你如果说明朝皇帝没有实权,正德和天启都是被文官给害死的。那么问题来了,正德是如何调动军队打败小王子的呢?
天启又是如何借助魏忠贤进行税赋改革的?
即便是最会折腾的崇祯不也杀了几百个大臣吗?你能说明朝皇帝没有权力吗?
而且,当年朱元璋挖空心思设计的胡惟庸案,其目的就是解除宰相制,组建他可以随意任命内阁大臣的内阁制。
内阁制被明朝粉丝吹成是西方制度的雏形,这简直就是胡扯。明朝内阁成员是临时性的,而且,他们还处处受司礼监太监的制约。
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即便是权倾一时的张居正也是勾结了太后和大太监之后才勉强掌权的。即便这样,他苦苦经营的一鞭法和党羽势力,在他刚死就被彻底瓦解了。
明朝皇帝的地位之高,再牛的太监,例如刘瑾魏忠贤等人,只要皇帝一句话他们就死无葬身之地了,这还能叫没权力吗?
明朝的文人不是有骨气,而是在明朝皇帝主动放权之后,他就再也没能收回去了。
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明朝文人看似霸气的背后,是因为他们有弄死皇帝的筹码。在朱元璋时代,有几个敢大声说一句话的?
也正因为朱元璋设计的这个制度太完美了,清朝入关之后才一直沿用下来。
无论是上书房大臣,还是后来的军机处大臣都可以被皇上随意撤换,而并不受传统吏部和宰相的制约。
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综上所述,明朝的问题一直都是矛盾的,到底是亡于自己,还是亡于李自成和满人各说各有理。
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